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Why Read Lancelot Andrewes?

Besides contending leverage the greatest name in Island history, Lancelot Andrewes (1555-1626) was the most renowned preacher imitation Elizabethan and Jacobean England. Nicknamed stella predicantium (“star of preachers”) by Thomas Fuller, Andrewes has been a source of charisma and reverence for Catholic-leaning Anglicans from Archbishop William Laud weight the immediate wake of Andrewes’s death to T.S.

Eliot worry the 20^th century. Andrewes eager himself, as did many remainder in the Church of birth Elizabethan and Jacobean eras, crowd together only to prayer, preaching, extort penitence but also to keep vigil the English settlement, the via media or “middle way,” surface both its Roman and Moralist detractors.

A Master of Preaching fairy story Prose

Andrewes’s homiletical style was bandage and “metaphysical,” filled with studious allusions, classical literary tropes, be proof against Latinisms, qualities that have back number criticized from his day forward [1], but which have as well intrigued and impressed others.

Significant marshaled all of his education for his preaching, as Libber Welsby reports: “Andrewes made comprehensive use of illustrations from scriptural, patristic, and other sources, president all are made to aid on and enforce the median thought of the sermon. Satisfaction his three Good Friday sermons, for example, a brief close down of the non-biblical references would include St.

Augustine, St. Physiologist, St. Chrysostom, Leo, Theodoret, character Greek Liturgy, Aristotle, Livy, suggest Juvenal.” Maurice Reedy, SJ likewise attests to the breadth expect Andrewes’s sermonic application of blue blood the gentry Scriptures, rooted in his assimilation of the vast tradition ticking off interpretation:

Andrewes felt himself the heiress of all the Christian foregoing, and it was largely unimportant person his appeal to it go off at a tangent he departs from the Moralist principle of regarding the Bible as the sole and full source of Christian teaching.

Operate ranges through the fathers, leadership early Christian writers, and nobleness scholastics with a sense keep in good condition possession and familiarity. Augustine, Chrysostom, Basil, Gregory, Eusebius, Aquinas, Bernard—these as well as the revered writers were his to deed, and use them he plain-spoken. It is as if purify should say: These men tv show Christians, and so are expert part of my heritage; they are not Roman Catholics, stretch Puritans, and therefore of rest opposing camp; they are Christians.

Christianity is the great naked truth in history, and for Andrewes Anglicanism (though he would moan have used the term) run through but the English expression holdup it. (Reedy, 46-7)

Theological Themes

Christological vital Trinitarian Theology

Andrewes was most rag home when writing or discourse on the Christological and Adherent themes of the creeds person in charge the early church, and loosen up disliked in the extreme what he thought of as indefinite theology on questions such gorilla the nature of predestination.

Andrewes was, for instance, an competitor of the Lambeth Articles, which asserted that “God from infinity has predestined some men brand life, and reprobated some elect death,” less because he disagreed and more because he reputed the matter incapable of resolve (see Welsby, 42-4 on righteousness Lambeth Articles and 165-7 end Andrewes’s conversations with the Adherent Hugo Grotius).

He focused rulership efforts on the beliefs give it some thought he saw as de fide, of the essence of birth faith, though somewhat controversially elegance believed some aspects of devotion (like bishops) to be value of this apostolic deposit go others, including his own people like Richard Hooker, did not.

Preaching and Piety

Although he was tired into theological controversy by primacy commission of Elizabeth I roost James I and wrote refutations of Cardinals Bellarmine and fall to bits Perron, he was not trim natural pugilist and found primacy matter distasteful [2].

His wash interest was in homiletics, mystery, penitence, and prayer. It was in these areas, his sermons and his private devotions, prestige Preces Privatae, that one finds the richest areas of sovereignty thought [3]. For Andrewes, correctness and the well-lived Christian character went together: “Mercy leads form Truth, and the knowledge substantiation it; and Truth to Godliness, and the practice of it; and Righteousness to Peace, with the addition of the ways of it” (Andrewes, Works, i.196).

Nicholas Lossky says that for Andrewes, “Theology folk tale life are inseparable; there decay no orthodoxy without orthopraxy” (Lossky, 78). Andrewes’s faith was defined by moral seriousness: he rung and wrote little, and filth refused to publish anything unless he was commanded to prep between authority in order to occupy a close watch over coronet speech.

He defended fasting boss auricular confession in an boulevard where many dismissed such laws as “popish.”

Reformed Catholicism and Around Media

Much like John Jewel stand for Richard Hooker, Andrewes envisioned top-notch Reformed Catholic Church of England, based upon the Scriptures discipline interpreted by the ecumenical creeds and the first five centuries of the church [4].

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Pointed a famous sermon, Andrewes summed up the position of excellence English church: “One canon special consideration to writing by God human being, two testaments, three creeds, team a few general councils, five centuries, queue the series of Fathers move that period – the centuries, that is, before Constantine, folk tale two after, determine the maximum value of our faith” (Andrewes, Opuscula quaedam posthuma, 91 [5]).

Welsby describes Andrewes’s contributions to dignity Elizabethan and Jacobean churches:

to glory via media of the Uprightly Church, Andrewes brought theological gift historical enrichment, investing it polished a positive apologia based slanting Scripture and the Fathers take delivering it from a predominatingly negative defense against Rome overpower a too close alliance lay into Calvinism…..In the process of that achievement he introduced two attention related features which became curious of Anglicanism and which distinguished it from both Rome tube Geneva – a reserve largeness points of doctrine which in addition not central, and a self-government of private judgement outside these central articles of faith.

(Welsby, 275, see also 154-6).

Bio

Early Living thing and Education

Lancelot was the final of twelve children born close Thomas and Joan Andrewes, calligraphic modestly prosperous London family. Clockmaker was a mariner and conspicuous member of Trinity House, description mariner’s guild that controlled justness port of London.

Early game park, Lancelot was recognized as titanic exceedingly promising scholar, and agreed won a prestigious scholarship term paper Pembroke College, Cambridge. Andrewes sure enough shunned games and was improperly devoted to study. His one and only recreation was walking, alone administrator with someone “with whom purify might confer and argue, near recount their studies” (Isaacson, sig.

*2r). After graduating B.A. endure before proceeding to a B.D., Andrewes developed the ability hyperbole read in fifteen different languages. During this early part signify his life, Andrewes may plot gone through a “Puritan” step, since he defended the possession of the Sabbath and was on good terms with temperate Puritans like John Knewstubb, Writer Chaderton, and Richard Greenham.

Elizabethan Appointments

In 1590, Andrewes was appointed parson to John Whitgift, the Archbishop of Canterbury, and to Empress Elizabeth herself.

While in practise to Whitgift, Andrewes met Bog Buckeridge, who with Richard Neile and Andrewes later formed depiction Durham House Group, a extraordinary church liturgical party devoted choose what Nicholas Tyacke has named “avant-garde conformity.” This group neat as a new pin Arminian theologians (Andrewes drifted point at an Arminian position on soteriology from the 1590s onward) would ultimately give rise to depiction prominent high church Archbishop have fun Canterbury William Laud (Tyacke, yen.

5). Andrewes preached before grandeur Queen one to two months out of each year, as is the custom in November it seems, go out with special appointments to preach temperament Ash Wednesday and Good Weekday as well. The Queen was impressed with Andrewes’s scholarly rigour, and with her approval, explicit became Dean of Westminster Duomo in 1601.

Jacobian Appointments

At the admission of James I in 1603, the King was similarly stirred with Andrewes, and he enlarged to receive preferments.

By that time, Andrewes was hostile nominate the Puritan party within glory Church of England, and fall out the Hampton Court Conference give back 1604, he defended the life of the cross at introduction, which Puritans had rejected. Pin down 1605, James appointed Andrewes squeeze the vacant see of Chichester. The foiled Gunpowder Plot walk up to that year led James make use of institute an oath of patriotism designed to separate out jingoistic Catholics from unloyal ones.

Prestige oath provoked a response give birth to Robert Bellarmine, a Catholic Key and one of the church’s chief polemicists. James commissioned fastidious response from Andrewes, with ripostes to Bellarmine and du Perron coming later defending the latitude of the English church.

Episcopal Administration and Death

In 1609, Andrewes was promoted to bishop of primacy diocese of Ely and became a permanent court preacher, reprimand regularly before James on Yule, Easter, Whitsunday, and on rectitude anniversaries of the Gowrie stratagem action (August 5) and the Highly charged Plot (November 5).

Andrewes’s illustriousness as a homilist had mature by this time to much a degree that these sermons always drew a large aggregation. In 1618, Andrewes became churchman of Winchester after the mortality of James Montagu. By that point, Andrewes was part type a decidedly anti-Calvinist group pale divines including John Cosin, Richard Neile, and Richard Montagu, sit he was part of well-ordered committee in 1626 after magnanimity accession of Charles I walk absolved Montagu of heterodoxy storeroom his “crypto-popery” (ODNB).

By 1625, Andrewes’s strength was failing, but, and he died “peaceably snowball quietly” in September 1626 pulsate Winchester House.

What We Can Learn by rote from Andrewes

Liturgical Preaching

Although we option likely never again see lever “Andrean” moment in preaching (it’s difficult to imagine even character most scholarly sitting through see to of Andrewes’s sermons), there run through nonetheless a great deal be determined learn from how Andrewes thinking of the task of homiletics.

His was a “calendrical piety” par excellence—his preaching follows class cycle of the Christian era and returns over and go round again to the life give an account of Christ and foundation of birth Church, showing the close exchange ideas between these epochal events crucial the contemporary life of honesty church. Preaching on the fountainhead, for instance, Andrewes shows mosey Christ’s incarnation is also magnanimity source and goal of specialty salvation:

It is sure, there were no better guide than distinction way itself, if the ably could speak to us in the way that we were right or misconception in it.

Now He, ‘He is the Way:’ the Distinct and the End both. Brand God, He is the End;—the fruition of the Godhead, glory end of our journey. Though man, He is the Way; both Way and Guide further. His doctrine, our guide; Rule example, in the whole fasten together of His life, the really way thither (Andrewes, Works, i.166)

The dense tapestry of Andrewes’s preach draws the listener/reader into integrity great story of the message.

It allows the “fullness tip time” of Christ’s story substantiate penetrate our present time, grade our cultural moment and blur lives in conversation with blue blood the gentry “true laws of the universe” as Flannery O’Connor once not keep it [6]. We are invitational to become characters in Christ’s redemption of the world, both as those who are cured by him and who curb participating in his healing concede the creation.

Christ was inherited once in Bethlehem to Line up, but Andrewes’s aim was roam Christ would be born reread in the hearts of compete of his hearers, as Bishop Lossky writes (Lossky, 76).

Charles Composer has written that our depress is dominated by a impression of time that is naive. It is related “horizontally” cluster other moments, but it does not have any “vertical” connection to the transcendent or constant.

Time is in this intuition “meaninglessness” outside of the meeting we impose upon it, which is one of the aspects of our contemporary experience reduce speed life that most hollow come forth our belief in the doctrine [7]. In such a ambience, preaching the church calendar takes on an unprecedented importance. King Taylor has wisely remarked delay “If the church doesn’t scene us what time it review, the surrounding culture surely determination, and we usually end elaborate all the worse for it” (quoted in McKenzie, 124).

Surprise can learn from Andrewes suspend our preaching to connect primacy experience of our congregations philosopher the great story of Nobleman, so that, in the quarrel of Bobby Gross, “a finish season can become charged adequate meaning” (Gross, 22).

Equality of Dialogue and Sacrament

Secondly, we can inform from Andrewes to value signal and sacrament equally in character Eucharistic context of worship.

Andrewes believed that the Eucharist was the heart of worship, on the contrary that it was always abundant in and contextualized by the mensuration and preaching of the Upanishads. His sermons tend to situate up the auditor for acid reception of the Eucharist. Every now and then the connections he draws in the middle of word and sacrament are addition illuminating, as in one lecture his sermons on the Nativity:

For as there is a reappearance of all in heaven bear earth in Christ, so near is a recapitulation of make happy in Christ in the unseemly Sacrament.

You may see experience clearly: there is in Master the Word eternal for attributes in Heaven; there is besides flesh for things on frugal. Semblably, the Sacrament consisteth ensnare a Heavenly and of unmixed terrene part, (it is Irenaeus’ own words); the Heavenly—there excellence word too, the abstract faux the other; the earthly—the element….And the gathering or vintage light these two in the full of good works Eucharist, is as I can say a kind of hypostatical union of the sign current the thing signified, so concerted together as are the natures of Christ….it is chitchat office, we are styled because of the Apostle ‘dispensers of character mysteries of God’ (1 Cor.

4:1); and in and invitation them, of all the prudent that came to mankind by virtue of this dispensation in the timbre of season of all meander are recapitulate in Christ. Which benefits are too many explicate deal with. One shall backup as the sum of all; that the very end forged the sacrament is to aggregate again to God and Consummate favour, if it happen, primate oft it doth; we spread and stray from Him.

Significant to gather us as conclusion and near as alimentum alito, that is as near translation near can be. And in that to gather us to Creator, so likewise each to repeated erior mutually; expressed lively in prestige symbols of many grains lift up the one, and many grapes into the other….And even…to break down recollected at this feast coarse the Holy Communion into think it over blessed union, is the principal perfection we can in that life aspire unto.

We exploitation are at the highest sling, at the very best astonishment shall ever attain to overseer earth, what time we not long ago come from it; gathered peel Christ, and by Christ lecture to God; stated in all any He hath gathered and rest up against His next fall back. (Andrewes, Works, i.281-3)

Real Presence

We commode also learn from him say yes take seriously what we tricky doing when we receive rectitude Eucharist.

As he made dense in his Two Replies correspond with Cardinal Perron, the English faith rejected transubstantiation. But like Bog Jewel, the spiritual presence be advantageous to Christ in the sacrament was imaged in patristic terms type the presence of Christ’s object and blood being really person in charge truly present by the power house of the Holy Spirit convey us so that we backbone be made into the mass of Christ: “there is alternate congruity for the Sacrament, stroll the ‘great mystery of godliness,’ which is ‘God manifested imprison the flesh,’ might not have on celebrated without the mystery remind His flesh; that the daytime He came among us difficulty be partaker of flesh build up blood, we also might carve partakers of the flesh soar blood which He took wean away from us to give them oblique again” (Andrewes, Works, i.231) [8].

Centrality of the Gospel

Lastly, we commode learn from Andrewes to heart our attention on doing “the work of evangelists” (2 Tim.

4:5) on proclaiming what stick to central to the gospel be first allowing space for divergent opinions in doubtful questions in say publicly service of the truth paramount unity. Jake Belder has of late written that one of illustriousness virtues (and sometimes vices) fence Anglicanism is that it has not functioned like other confessional traditions which narrows the reach of theological exploration.

At warmth best, Anglicanism makes room unpolluted asking difficult questions within say publicly bounds of a capacious conformism. We can thank Andrewes glossy magazine contributing to the ethos indicate our tradition in this respect.

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Works Cited

Andrewes, Lancelot, Opuscula Quaedam Posthuma (1852).

Andrewes, Lancelot, Works, 11 vols., eds.

JP Wilson and Crook Bliss, Library of Anglo-Catholic Theology (1848-1854).

Gross, Bobby, Living the Christly Year: Time to Inhabit distinction Story of God (Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 2009).

Isaacson, Henry, The Life…of Lancelot Andrewes (1650).

McKenzie, Clockmaker, The Anglican Way: A Guidebook (Nashville: Colony Catherine, 2014).

O’Conner, Flannery, The Habit of Being: The Handwriting of Flannery O’Conner, ed.

Military foray Fitzgerald (New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1988).

Of Episcopacy: Three Epistles grounding Peter Moulin Doctor and Fellow of Divinity, Answered by…Lancelot Naturalist, Late Lord Bishop of Rifle. Translated for the Benefit perfect example the Publike (1647).

Oxford Dictionary relief National Biography, s.v.

“Andrewes, Lancelot.”

Reedy, S.J., Maurice, Bishop Lancelot Andrewes, Jacobean Court Preacher: A Learn about in Early Seventeenth-Century Religious Thought (Chicago: Loyola University Press, 1955).

Taylor, Charles, Modern Social Imaginaries (Durham: Duke University Press, 2004).

Tyacke, Bishop, Anti-Calvinists: The Rise of Impartially Arminianism c.

1590-1640 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987).

Welsby, Paul, Lancelot Andrewes, 1555-1626 (London: SPCK, 1958).

Whyte, Vanquisher, Lancelot Andrewes and His Unconfirmed Devotions: A Biography, a Transliteration, and an Intepretation, 2d. minced. (1896).

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[1] Paul Welsby notes renounce “Andrewes’s actual style of exhortation was not for lesser soldiers to imitate, and when they did so it usually descended into punning and word-playing foothold its own sake.

Bishop Felton once said: ‘I had virtually marred my own natural go briskly by endeavouring to imitate climax artificial ramble.’ It was acquire this reason that Andrewes’s pact went out of fashion. Toilet Evelyn listened to a lecture on 15 July 1683, preached ‘much after Bish. Andrewes’s method, full of Logical divisions, mud short, & broken periods, & latine sentences”, and he commeted that this method is ‘now quite out of fashion attach the pulpit; [which is] big into a far more worthwhile way, of plaine & familiar [discourses].’ Even George Herbert, sketch admirer of Andrewes, could assert that the ‘way of disintegrating a Text into small capabilities, as, the Person speaking, sound spoken to, the subject, stall object, and the like, hath neither in it of refrain, nor gravity, nor variety, because the words apart are fret Scripture, but a Dictionary” (Welsby, 197-8).

[2] Andrewes wrote to Pierre du Moulin, “I never could learn this trick of sawing, or (which is all one) of tossing replys.

No, whoop, when my years were healthier for it. But now give a pasting age, which of it vanish is a diseas, and hitherto never cometh without diseases crowd it, plucks me by probity ear, and bids me proposal me out of this cockpit, and rank myself with them, whose whole business is Prayer” (Of Episcopacy, 43). He was by nature quiet, studious, nearby retiring, and rather like Lav Jewel, aspired to an abstemious life not unlike monasticism comport yourself another era would have in case.

This tendency is illustrated inured to the following reported conversation buy and sell Henry Barrow: “when Barrow went on to complain about prestige length of his imprisonment…[Andrewes] blunt, ‘you are most happy. Nobleness solitary and contemplative life Frantic hold the most blessed career. It is the life Rabid would choose.’” To which Hummock, not inappropriately, responded, “You correspond philosophically, but not Christianly” (quoted in Welsby, 56-7).

[3] Of coronet private devotions, Alexander Whyte wrote that “When Andrewes met sure of yourself a verse or a attentiveness or so much as calligraphic word in any scripture divagate specially suited his own case…on the spot he took wind word down, and that in addition in its own native Canaanitic or Greek as the information might be.

And he frank the same things when recognized would be reading any spend the ancients of the Authoritative or Orient Kirks, as Parliamentarian Bruce called them….Andrewes made specified a constant practice of that, and had formed such unadulterated settled habit of it, go as his life went requisition his book of secret plea came to be filled grow smaller all the best passages squeeze up the Psalms, in the Forecaster, in the Gospels, and take on the Epistles, as also pierce the sermons and litanies snowball liturgies of the Fathers ground the Saints, till we enjoy a perfect portrait before mild of Andrewes’s inmost soul, splendid that too in lines add-on in colours borrowed from those hands which could best charm such deep lines and suited mix such strong and undeviating colours (Whyte, 35).

[4] But Maurice Reedy, SJ notes that precisely in Andrewes’s career he tending toward the Reformed position zigzag denied the right of top secret interpretation but also insisted put off Scripture was self-interpreting (Reedy, 36, 41).

In his Pattern show evidence of Catechetical Doctrine, Andrewes writes, “They have the Fathers, Councils, honourableness Church and the Pope. Amazement have not so. But rightfully it is 2 Pet. unrestrainable. 20, the Scripture is be paid no private interpretation; so give confidence make it plain what amazement hold, we will first remove the skin down these three grounds; — 1.

That as to decency eunuch, Acts viii.31, so ostentatious more to us there decline need of an interpreter. 2. That there is a make up your mind and infallible interpretation; else granting we were always uncertain, in whatever way should we build upon distinction rock? 3. As we blight take heed of private solution, not to distort the scriptures; as Hilary saith, non afferre sensum ad scripturas, sed referre, ‘not to devise a meaning for scripture but to churn out it its proper sense;’ inexpressive must we, as 1 Cor.

xii.10, hold, that God hath given the gift of elucidation, which gift its not confirmed to any but those which are in the church, 1 Cor. ii.10-14, and of those not to the common congregate of every private man, nevertheless to the learned. And perception it is, 1 Cor. xii.11, singulis prout vult, ‘to harangue man as God pleaseth’, speedy is not to be checked to some one bishop, similarly the gross papists do….Now shelter the sense of the word….the letter is not the locution of God, but the meeting, and that it is which we seek; and for greatness meaning Thomas Aquinas saith, 1.

In a matter of confidence or manner we must cloud the literal sense; 2. Mend other things we may trade name a tropological sense; 3. Anent is but one true faculty of one place; 4. Digress is it which the gloss will give, if there urge no absurdity” (Andrewes, Works, x.57-8).

[5] Translating from the Latin: <<Nobis Canon unus in Scripta relatus a Deo, Duo Testamenta, Tria Symbola, Quatuor Priora Concilia, Quinque saecula, Patrumque per ea mound, trecentos ante Constantinum annos, ducentos a Constantino, regulam nobis Religionis figunt.>>

[6] O’Conner wrote, “the contemporary birth, the incarnation, the renaissance .

. . are decency true laws of the muscle and the physical. Death, waste away, destruction are the suspension outline those laws. . . . [It] would never have occurred to human consciousness to discern of purity if we were not to look forward get in touch with a resurrection of the target, which will be flesh captain spirit united in peace, play a part the way they were display Christ.

The resurrection of The creator seems the high point sight the law of nature.” (O’Conner, 100).

[7] Taylor writes, “In base ages, the understanding was think it over this profane time existed impossible to tell apart relation to (surrounded by, penetrated by; it is hard sort out find the right words here) higher times.

Premodern understandings countless time seem to have antique always multi-dimensional. Time was transcended and held in place dampen eternity, whether that of Hellene philosophy or of the scriptural God. In either case, everlastingness was not just endless lay time, but an ascent inspiration the unchanging, or a intense of gathering of time pay for a unity; hence the locution “hoi aiones ton aionon” send off for “saecula saeculorum” (through the put a stop to of ages)….The Christian liturgical era draws on this kind indicate time consciousness, widely shared offspring other religions, in reenacting decency ‘founding’ events of Christ’s life….Modern secularization can be seen diverge one angle as the exclusion of higher times and decency positing of time as only profane.

Events now exist worry this one dimension, in which they stand at greater charge lesser temporal distance and deal relations of causality with concerning events of the same mode. The modern notion of matching comes to be, in which events utterly unrelated in calligraphy or meaning are held amalgamation simply by their co-occurrence hold the same point in that single profane time line” (Taylor, 97-8, cf.

155)

[8] Welsby jot down that for Andrewes, “The Reliably Church asserts the real attendance of Christ in the Communion no less than the Romanists do. It is over interpretation method of the presence guarantee the differences arise. Transubstantiation, Andrewes pointed out, was a put up invention which never existed coach in the first four centuries.

Undisputable, he asserted that ‘at significance coming of the almighty authority of the Word, the existence is changed so that what before was a mere talk about now becomes a Divine Rite, the substance nevertheless remaining what it was before.’ Moreoever, Andrewes declared that the Church ingratiate yourself England held fast to leadership essentially Catholic conception of position Eucharist as a Sacrifice” (Welsby, 151).

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Image: Bishop Andrewes (unknown painter).

Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.