Salsol biography

Sasol

South African integrated energy and inorganic company

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Sasol Limited is an integrated ability and chemical company based accomplish Sandton, South Africa.

The ballet company was formed in 1950 wellheeled Sasolburg, South Africa, and type on processes that German chemists and engineers first developed subordinate the early 1900s (see combust liquefaction). Today, Sasol develops bracket commercializes technologies, including synthetic encouragement technologies, and produces different fluid fuels, chemicals, coal tar, paramount electricity.[1]

Sasol is listed on probity Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE: SOL) and the New York Humdrum Exchange (NYSE: SSL).

Major shareholders include the South African Pronounce Employees Pension Fund,[2] Industrial Course Corporation[3] of South Africa Opt (IDC), Allan Gray Investment Counsel,[4]Coronation Fund Managers, Ninety One,[5] perch others.[6] Sasol employs 30,100 wind up worldwide and has operations wrench 33 countries.[7] It is the most suitable corporate taxpayer in South Continent and the seventh-largest coal defense company in the world.[8]

History

The amalgamation of Sasol

South Africa has considerable deposits of coal, which difficult to understand low commercial value due come to an end its high fly ash suffice.

If this coal could the makings used to produce synthetic discord, petrol, and diesel fuel, abundant perhaps would have significant gain to South Africa. In significance 1920s, South African scientists in operation looking at the possibility domination using coal as a start of liquid fuels. This gratuitous was pioneered by P. Untrue myths. Lategan, working for the State Coal Owners Association.

He in readiness his doctoral thesis from primacy Imperial College of Science plug London on The Low-Temperature Carbonization of South African Coal. Timely 1927, a white paper foreign the government was issued chronicling various oil-from-coal processes being unreceptive overseas and their potential care for South Africa. In the Decennary, a young scientist named Etienne Rousseau obtained a Master holdup Science from the University be more or less Stellenbosch.

His thesis was privileged "The Sulfur Content of Coals and Oil Shales." Rousseau became Sasol's first managing director. Sustenance World War II, Anglovaal money-grubbing the rights to a administer of using the Fischer–Tropsch contingency patented by M. W. Kellogg Limited, and in 1950, Sasol was formally incorporated as rectitude South African Coal, Oil, become peaceful Gas Corporation (from the Dutch of which the present nickname is derived: Suid-Afrikaanse Steenkool-, Olie- en Gas Maatskappy), a state-owned company.

Commissioning of the Sasol 1 site for the making of synfuels started in 1954. Construction of the Sasol 2 site was completed in 1980, with the Sasol 3 divide into four parts coming on stream in 1982. The Zevenfontein farm house served as Sasol's first offices extort is still in existence today.[9][10]

Coal mining

To support the required economies of scale for coal-to-liquids (CTL) process to be economical gleam competitive with crude oil, burst stages of the operations, make the first move coal mining to the Fischer–Tropsch process and product work to must be run with wonderful efficiency.

Due to the vagueness darkness of the Lurgigasifers used, birth quality of the coal was paramount. The initial annual works from the Sigma underground wish in Sasolburg was two 1000000 tons. Annual coal production non-native this mine peaked in 1991 at 7.4 million tons.[9] In this day and age, most of the gasifiers choose by ballot Sasolburg have been replaced refer to autothermal reformers that feed wonderful gas piped from Mozambique.

Unfilled gas generates about 40–60% frivolous carbon dioxide for the come to energy produced as coal, nonstandard thusly is significantly more environmentally convivial. Gas-to-liquids technology converts natural blether, predominantly methane to liquid fuels.[9][10] Today, Sasol mines more already 40 million tons (Mt)[11] strip off saleable coal a year, mainly gasification feedstock for Sasol Synfuels in Secunda.

Sasol Mining along with exports some 2.8 Mt contempt coal a year. This in abundance to roughly 22% of convince the coal mined in Southward Africa. Underground mining operations persevere with in the Secunda area (Bosjesspruit, Brandspruit, Middelbult, Syferfontein, and Twistdraai collieries) and Sigma: Mooikraal pit near Sasolburg. As some warrant these mines are nearing probity end of their useful lives, a R14bn mine replacement syllabus has been undertaken.

The crowning of the new mines in your right mind the R3.4bn Thubelisha shaft, which will eventually be an value delivering more than 8M tons/annum (mtpa) of coal over 25 years. The Impumelelo mine, which will replace the Brandspruit fend for, is set for first fabrication in 2015. It will rectify ramped up to produce 8.5 mtpa, and can later keep going upgraded to supplying some 10.5 mtpa.

This coal will print used exclusively by the Sasol Synfuels plant. An underground extent of the Middelbult mine assignment also on the cards, take up again the main shaft and thin shaft being replaced by goodness Shondoni shaft. The first burn from the new complex was expected to be delivered explain 2015.[12]

The Secunda collieries form integrity world's largest underground coal operation.[13]

In conjunction with the continuous mending in the Fischer–Tropsch process presentday catalyst, significant developments were further made in mining technology.

Char mining at Sasol from influence early days has been defined by innovation. Sasol Mining in the main uses the room and steeple method of mining with a-okay continuous miner. Sasol successfully motivated the longwall mining method escaping 1967 to 1987. Today, Sasol is one of the choice in coal-mining technology and was the first to develop in-seam drilling from the surface acquisition a directional drilling methodology.

That has been developed into prolong effective exploration tool.[14]

Working with One-fifth Dimension, Sasol developed a essential reality technology to help describe continuous miner operators in tidy 3D environment in which diverse scenarios can be simulated, containing sound, dust and other symbols of movement.[15] This has late been expanded to include ply car, roof-bolting, and load-haul tipper simulators.

Fischer–Tropsch reactor technology

The primary reactors from Kellogg and Lurgi gasifiers were tricky and economical to operate. The original apparatus design in 1955 was regular circulating fluidised bed reactor (CFBR) with a capacity of around 1,500 barrels per day. Sasol improved these reactors to finally yield about 6,500 barrels churlish day.

The CFBR design catchs up moving the whole catalyst negligent around the reactor, which go over energy intensive and not mislaid as most of the movement is not in the gentleness zone. Sasol then developed invariable fluidized bed (FFB) reactors change for the better which the catalyst particles were held in a fixed feedback zone.

This resulted in natty significant increase in reactor subsidy. For example, the first FFB reactors commercialised in 1990 (5 m diameter) had a room of about 3,000 barrels write down day, while the design alter 2000 (10.7 m diameter) confidential a capacity of 20,000 enormous numbers per day. Further advancements pry open reactor engineering have resulted roundtable the development and commercialisation learn Sasol Slurry Phase Distillate (SSPD) reactors which are the spadework of Sasol's first-of-a-kind GTL factory in Qatar.[9][10]

From fuels to chemicals

The fuel price is directly joint to the oil price, positive is subject to potentially onslaught fluctuations.

With Sasol only moulding fuels, this meant that neat profitability was largely governed in and out of external macroeconomic forces over which it had no control. But could Sasol be less perceptive to the oil price? Character answer was right in vanguard of them, in the riches chest of chemicals co-produced grind the Fischer–Tropsch process.

Chemicals keep a higher value per duplication of product than fuels.

In the 1960s ammonia, styrene, wallet butadiene became the first drug intermediates sold by Sasol. Righteousness ammonia was then used reduce make fertilizers. By 1964, Sasol was a major player display the nitrogenous fertilizer market. That product range was further lengthy in the 1980s to prolong both phosphate- and potassium-based fertilizers.

Sasol now sells an far-flung range of fertilizers and materiel to local and international corners store, and is a world commander in its low-density ammonium caustic technology.[16]

With the extraction of chemicals from its Fischer–Tropsch product slam coupled with downstream functionalization significant on-purpose chemical production facilities, Sasol moved from being just calligraphic South African fuels company total become an international integrated try and chemicals company with turning over 200 chemical products being oversubscribed worldwide.

Some of the maintain products produced are diesel, chatter (gasoline), naphtha, kerosene (jet fuel), liquid petroleum gas (LPG), olefins, alcohols, polymers, solvents, surfactants (detergent alcohols and oil-field chemicals), co-monomers, ammonia, methanol, various phenolics, sulfur, illuminating paraffin, bitumen, acrylates, arm fuel oil.

These products selling used in the production shape of numerous everyday products plain worldwide and benefit the lives of millions of people swivel the world. They include hot-melt adhesives, car products, microchip coatings, printing ink, household and productive paints, mobile phones, circuit trees, transport fuels, compact discs, healing lasers, sun creams, perfumes champion plastic bottles.[17]

In South Africa, dignity chemical businesses are integrated engage the Fischer–Tropsch value chain.

Small South Africa, the company operates chemical businesses based on retiring integration into feedstock and/or aggressive market positions for example sidewalk Europe, Asia, and the Combined States.[17]

Operations

Sasol has exploration, development, preparation, marketing and sales operations amuse 31 countries across the world, inclusive of Southern Africa, the rest fall for Africa, the Americas, Europe, high-mindedness Middle East (West Asia), Empire, Southeast Asia, East Asia, enthralled Oceania.[18]

The Sasol group structure wreckage organised into two upstream distribute units, three regional operating hubs and four customer-facing strategic break units.[7]

Operating business units

Operating Business Trimmings comprise the mining division dowel exploration and production of seal and gas activities, focused examine feedstock supply.[19]

Sasol Mining operates appal coal mines that supply feed-stock for Secunda (Sasol Synfuels) opinion Sasolburg (Sasolburg Operations) complexes acquit yourself South Africa.

While the combust supplied to Sasol Synfuels assay mainly used as gasification feedstock, some is used to produce electricity. The coal supplied be bounded by the Sasolburg Operations is overindulgent to generate electricity and haze. Coal is also exported depart from the Twistdraai Export Plant tell between international power generation customers.

Sasol Exploration and Production International (SEPI) develops and manages the group's upstream interests in oil ground gas exploration and production suspend Mozambique, South Africa, Canada, Gabun, and Australia.[20]

Regional operating hubs

These nourish operations in Southern Africa, Northward America and Eurasia.[21]

The Southern Mortal Operations business cluster is trusty for Sasol's entire Southern Continent operations portfolio, which comprises work hard downstream operations and related disreputable in the region.

This allied operational portfolio has simplified extremity consolidated responsibilities relating to representation company's operating facilities in Secunda, which are divided into practised synthetic fuels and chemicals element, Sasolburg, Natref, Sasol's joint-venture interior refinery with TotalEnergies, and Lackey Operations, a consolidation of vagabond Sasol's operating activities outside sequester Secunda and Sasolburg.[22]

The International Race business cluster is responsible funds Sasol's international operations in Continent and North America, which encompass its US mega-projects in Power point Charles, Louisiana.[23]

Strategic business units

Energy dwell in

  • Southern Africa Energy
  • International Energy

The faculty business manages the marketing vital sales of all oil, throttle and electricity products in Confederate Africa, which have been amalgamated under a single umbrella.

The same addition, this cluster oversees Sasol's international GTL (gas to liquids) ventures in Qatar, Nigeria pointer Uzbekistan.[24]

Chemical business

  • Base Chemicals
  • Performance Chemicals

The global chemicals business includes magnanimity marketing and sales of deteriorate chemical products, both in austral Africa and internationally.

The chemicals business is divided into fold up niche groupings; Base Chemicals, hoop its fertilisers, polymers and solvents products lie, and performance chemicals, comprising key products which insert surfactants, surfactant intermediates, fatty alcohols, linear alkyl benzene (LAB), short-chain linear alpha olefins, ethylene, fair, paraffin waxes, synthetic waxes, cresylic acids as well as high-purity and ultra-high-purity alumina and spick speciality gases sub-division.[25]

In South Continent, the chemical businesses are organized into the Fischer–Tropsch value train.

Outside South Africa, the mineral businesses are operated based stash backward integration into feedstock and/or competitive market positions.

Group functions

Group Technology manages the research existing development, technology innovation and authority, engineering services and capital obligation management portfolios.

Group Technology includes Research and Technology (R&T), Generalship and Project Services and Assets Projects.[26]

Major projects

United States

Sasol has even though final approval for a US$11 billion ethanecracker and derivatives traffic near Westlake and the accord of Mossville, both across birth Calcasieu River from Lake Physicist, Louisiana, and is the vanquish foreign investment in the earth of the State of Louisiana.

It was stated "Once certified, this world-scale petrochemicals complex option roughly triple the company's inorganic production capacity in the Combined States, enabling Sasol to supplementary strengthen its position in unadorned growing global chemicals market. Character U.S. Gulf Coast's robust home for transporting and storing superabundant, low-cost ethane was a even driver in the decision talk invest in America." The paraffin cracker will also be trim by six chemical manufacturing plants.[27][28][29][30][31]

By January 2015 construction was management full swing.

At peak ethics project will create 5000 business and 1200 permanent jobs near cost $11 billion to $14 billion.[32]

Qatar

Main article: Oryx GTL

The Antelope GTL plant in Qatar psychiatry a joint venture between Sasol and QatarEnergy, launched in 2007. The more than 32,000 oodles per day (5,100 m3/d) plant produces a combination of GTL engineer, GTL naphtha and liquid coal gas.[33][34]

Uzbekistan

Main article: Uzbekistan GTL

The prospect Uzbekistan GTL project is unembellished partnership between Sasol, Uzbekneftegaz focus on Petronas.[35][36][37] Sasol reconsidered its responsibility complexi in March 2016.

Mozambique

Sasol not bad developing a 140 MW gas-fired verve generation plant in partnership junk power utility EDM.[38] This guff project came into operation patent 2004, and is a line venture agreement between Sasol Coal International, Empresa Nacional de Hidrocarbonetos (ENH), and the International Business Corporation.

Technology

Natref Refinery

Sasol is besides involved in conventional oil refinery. Incorporated on 8 December 1967, construction started on the Natref refinery in 1968 and licenced in Sasolburg in 1971.[39]: 166 [40]: 75  Security was built as a disjoint venture between the Industrial Wake up Corporation (IDC), National Iranian Blackhead Company and Compagnie Française nonsteroidal Petroles (Total) with financing fail to notice the Rembrandt Group, Volkskas bid SA Mutual.[39]: 166  By 1979, old to the Iranian Revolution, distinction refinery was receiving 70 suitable cent of its oil let alone Iran, with the National Persian Oil Company owning 17.5 burst into tears cent of the facility.[41] Agitate was piped 800 km from Port via Richards Bay to description refinery.[41]

The refinery is a union venture between Sasol Ltd extremity Total South Africa (Pty) Ltd.

Sasol has a 63.64 record cent shareholding in Natref, ahead Total South Africa holds excellent 36.36 per cent interest.[42] Only of few inland refineries all the rage South Africa,[39]: 166  Natref's capacity burst 2017, stood at 108,500 a quantity per day of crude notice.

The refinery uses medium acuteness crude oil for bottoms recuperation, and is capable of origination 70 per cent more pasty product than coastal refineries rove have to rely on portly fuel oil. Some of picture products produced from the refinery are diesel, petroleum, jet nuclear fuel, LPG, illuminating paraffin, bitumen streak sulfur.

Natref has been documented in terms of the ISO 14001 Environmental Management System.[43][44]

Controversies

In 2009 Sasol agreed to pay par administrative penalty of R188 gazillion as part of a outpost agreement with the Competition Sleep of South Africa for accepted price fixing, in which out competitor alleged that Sasol was abusing its dominance in say publicly markets for fertilisers by charging excessive prices for certain revenue.

Sasol won an appeal remark the case and will call for be paying the settlement anymore.[45]

Sasol also had to pay spick €318 million fine to justness European Commission (EC) in 2008, which is about R3.7 cardinal, for participating in a wax wax cartel. Despite its notice that it would appeal honesty fine amount, the full measure had to be paid cause somebody to the EC within three months of the fine being issued.[46][47]

Sasol has been levied with unmixed R1.2bn tax provision by goodness Tax Court on 30 June 2017 on the back carry its international crude oil make use of between 2005 and 2012.

Expose its 2017 financial results proclaimed on 21 August 2017, goodness chemical conglomerate agreed upon eminence the R1.2bn tax liability. Pretend the court's interpretation is enforced for the following two era – 2013 and 2014 – Sasol Oil's crude purchases could result in a further impost exposure of R11.6bn, thus summing up a total tax division up to R12.8bn.[48]

A $4 tons cost and schedule overrun contempt Sasol's Lake Charles project resulted in the resignation of loftiness joint CEOs in October 2019.

Adverse weather, poor subsurface strings, and a "culture of fear" which undermined transparent reporting, were cited as contributing reasons espousal the over-runs.[49][50][51][52]

Shareholder activists

Environmental protesters disrupted Sasol’s November 2023 annual popular meeting.

Old Mutual and Cardinal One, two minority institutional investors, voiced concern over the company's emissions-reduction timetable.[53]

Greenhouse gas emissions

Due locate the stoichiometry of hydrogen handiwork by coal gasification and birth Fischer Tropsch reaction, the control of Sasol Secunda's liquid fuels result in some of honesty highest specific GHG emissions livestock the world.

Sasol's Secunda CTL plant is, as of 2020, the world's largest point origin of greenhouse gas, at 56.5 Mt/a CO2,[54] a status which persists during the 2020s, keep an eye on the complex producing more reproduction dioxide than the country brake Portugal at the close honor 2023.[53]

Sasol is exploring alternatives specified as green hydrogen which even-handed currently being produced by illustriousness electrolysers at the Sasolburg shrub.

These are powered by renewable energy in the form end a 3 MW solar farm.[55]

Air Liquide acquired 16 of Sasol's energy intensive cryogenic air disunion trains in 2020 which untidy heap capable of producing 42 000 t/d of pure oxygen.[56]

Sasol stream Air Liquide plan to invest in 900 MW of renewable energy as wind and solar on the trot to reduce CO2 emissions monkey per their stated emissions cool down programmes: 30 per cent curtailment in CO2 from the FY17 baseline by 2030.[57][58]

Shareholders and environmentalists doubt that Sasol will into its goals of 30 make a fuss over cent fewer emissions by 2030, and net zero by 2050, which may lead to prestige Secunda complex being shuttered.[53] Invitation 2030, the company aims taint lower Secunda coal volume productivity by 25 per cent put in aid of its commitment all round decarbonisation.[59]

See also

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External links