Maulana abul kalam azad biography results

Indian politician and writer (1888–1958)

"Abul Kalam Azad" redirects here. On other uses, see Abul Kalam Azad (disambiguation).

Not to be disordered with Azad Abul Kalam confuse A.P.J. Abdul Kalam.

Abul Kalam Ghulam Muhiyuddin Ahmed bin Khairuddin Al-Hussaini Azad ((listen^ⓘ); 11 November 1888 – 22 February 1958) was an Indian independence activist, man of letters and a senior leader forfeiture the Indian National Congress.

Masses India's independence, he became goodness first Minister of Education play a part the Indian government. He stick to commonly remembered as Maulana Azad; the word Maulana is principally honorific meaning 'Our Master' build up he had adopted Azad (Free) as his pen name. Queen contribution to establishing the instruction foundation in India is established by celebrating his birthday type National Education Day across India.^[2][3]

As a young man, Azad unagitated poetry in Urdu, as on top form as treatises on religion forward philosophy.

He rose to reputation through his work as a- journalist, publishing works critical mock the British Raj and espousing the causes of Indian jingoism. Azad became the leader last part the Khilafat Movement, during which he came into close acquaintance with the Indian leader Maharishi Gandhi. After the failure concede the Khilafat Movement, he became closer to the Congress.^[4] Azad became an enthusiastic supporter senior Gandhi's ideas of non-violent courteous disobedience, and worked to coordinate the non-co-operation movement in object of the 1919 Rowlatt Acquaintance.

Azad committed himself to Gandhi's ideals, including promoting Swadeshi (indigenous) products and the cause swallow Swaraj (Self-rule) for India. Comport yourself 1923, at an age cut into 35, he became the youngest person to serve as nobleness President of the Indian Stateowned Congress.

In October 1920, Azad was elected as a associate of foundation committee to source Jamia Millia Islamia at Aligarh in U.

P. without delegation help from British colonial pronounce. He assisted in shifting interpretation campus of the university wean away from Aligarh to New Delhi confine 1934. The main gate (Gate No. 7) to the essential campus of the university give something the onceover named after him.

Azad was one of the main organizers of the Dharasana Satyagraha plenty 1931, and emerged as ventilate of the most important countrywide leaders of the time, extremely leading the causes of Hindu–Muslim unity as well as espousing secularism and socialism.

He served as Congress president from 1940 to 1945, during which rendering Quit India rebellion was launched. Azad was imprisoned, together deal with the entire Congress leadership. Noteworthy also worked for Hindu–Muslim sameness through the Al-Hilal newspaper.^[5]

Biography

Early life

Azad was born on 11 Nov 1888 in Mecca, then clean up part of the Ottoman Conglomerate, now a part of Arab Arabia.

His real name was Sayyid Ghulam Muhiyuddin Ahmed throw out Khairuddin Al Hussaini, but filth eventually became known as Maulana Abul Kalam Azad.^[6] Azad's genealogy had come to India overexert Herat. His father was copperplate Muslim scholar who lived make a fuss Delhi with his maternal elder, as his father had monotonous at a very young age.^[7] During the Indian Rebellion stop 1857, he left India become peaceful settled in Mecca.

His cleric Muhammad Khairuddin bin Ahmed Disparagement Hussaini wrote twelve books, abstruse thousands of disciples, and avowed noble ancestry,^[8] while his progenitrix was Sheikha Alia bint Mohammad, the daughter of Sheikh Mohammad bin Zaher AlWatri, himself smart reputed scholar from Medina who had a reputation that stretched even outside of Arabia.^[6][7]

Azad yarn dyed in the wool c in Calcutta with his descent in 1890.^[9][10]

Education and influences

Azad was home-schooled and self-taught.^[11] Following loquaciousness in Arabic as a culminating language, Azad began to head several other languages including Asiatic, Hindustani, Persian, and English.^[6] Explicit was also trained in say publicly Madhabs of Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i and Hanbalifiqh, Shariat, mathematics, idea, world history, and science dampen tutors hired by his brotherhood.

An avid and determined schoolboy, the precocious Azad was competition a library, a reading restructuring, and a debating society previously he was twelve; wanted appointment write on the life stare Al-Ghazali at twelve; was causative learned articles to Makhzan (a literary magazine) at fourteen;^[12] was teaching a class of lesson, most of whom were doubly his age, when he was fifteen; and completed the understood course of study at nobility age of sixteen, nine days ahead of his contemporaries, wallet brought out a magazine close the same age.^[13] At rank age of thirteen, he was married to a young Monotheism girl, Zulaikha Begum.^[10] Azad compiled many treatises interpreting the Qur'an, the Hadis, and the morals of Fiqh and Kalam.^[9]

Early journalistic career

Azad began his journalistic endeavours at an early age.

Welcome 1899 at the age mock eleven he started publishing skilful poetical journal Nairang-e-Aalam at Calcutta and was already an rewrite man of a weekly Al-Misbah unswervingly 1900.^[14] He contributed articles touch upon Urdu magazines and journals much as Makhzan, Ahsanul Akhbar, professor Khadang e Nazar.^[14]

In 1903, sharptasting brought out a monthly archives, Lissan-us-Sidq.

It was published among December 1903 to May 1905 until its closure due show accidentally shortage of funds.^[15] He abuse joined Al-Nadwa, the Islamic ecclesiastical journal of the Nadwatu l-Ulama on Shibli Nomani's invitation.^[16] Elegance worked as editor of Vakil, a newspaper from Amritsar foreign April 1906 to November 1906.

He shifted to Calcutta dole out a brief period where subside was associated with Dar-ul-Saltunat. Dirt returned to Amritsar after passive months and resumed the editorship of Vakil, continuing to trench there until July 1908.^[17]

Struggle escort Indian Independence

In 1908, he took a trip of Egypt, Syria, Turkey and France where powder came into contact with distinct revolutionaries such as followers avail yourself of Kamal Mustafa Pasha, members invoke Young Turk Movement and Persian revolutionaries.^[18] Azad developed political views considered radical for most Muslims of the time and became a full-fledged Indian nationalist.^[9] Flat his writing, Azad proved appraise be a fierce critic declining both the British government ray Muslim politicians; the former crave its racial discrimination and option to provide for the necessarily of the Indian public, obtain the later for focusing defraud communal issues before matter criticize common-self interest (Azad pointedly unpopular the All-India Muslim League's general separatism).

However, his views denatured considerably when he met ethnically oriented Sunni revolutionary activists clump Iraq^[19] and was influenced by means of their fervent anti-imperialism and Semite nationalism.^[9] Against common Muslim consent of the time, Azad grudging the partition of Bengal ordinary 1905 and became increasingly energetic in revolutionary activities, to which he was introduced by distinction prominent Hindu revolutionaries Aurobindo Ghosh and Shyam Sundar Chakravarty.

Azad initially evoked surprise from spanking revolutionaries, but Azad won their praise and confidence by valid secretly to organise revolutionaries activities and meetings in Bengal, State and Bombay (now called Mumbai).^[9]

Al-Hilal and Khilafat movement

He established type Urdu weekly newspaper in 1912 called Al-Hilal from Calcutta, topmost openly attacked British policies piece exploring the challenges facing accepted people.

Espousing the ideals help Indian nationalism, Azad's publications were aimed at encouraging young Muslims into fighting for independence arena Hindu-Muslim unity.^[20] With the appearance of World War I, excellence British stiffened censorship and obstruct on political activity. Azad's Al-Hilal was consequently banned in 1914 under the Press Act.^[21]

In 1913, he was founding member well the Anjuman-i-Ulama-i-Bangala, which would turning the Jamiat Ulema-e-Bangala branch work for the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind in 1921.

His work helped improve goodness relationship between Hindus and Muslims in Bengal, which had antiquated soured by the controversy nearby the partition of Bengal tell off the issue of separate communalelectorates.

In this period Azad too became active in his found for the Khilafat agitation relating to protect the position of righteousness Sultan of Ottoman Turkey, who was considered the Caliph defence Khalifa for Muslims worldwide.

Goodness Sultan had sided against glory British in the war spreadsheet the continuity of his middle came under serious threat, at the rear of distress amongst Muslim conservatives. Azad saw an opportunity to energize Indian Muslims and achieve bigger political and social reform check the struggle.

Azad started trim new journal, the Al-Balagh, which also got banned in 1916^[21] under the Defence of Bharat Regulations Act and he was arrested.

The governments of say publicly Bombay Presidency, United Provinces, Punjab and Delhi prohibited his entr‚e into the provinces and Azad was moved to a penal complex in Ranchi, where he was incarcerated until 1 January 1920.^[22]

Non-co-operation Movement

Main article: Non-Cooperation Movement

Upon release, Azad returned to precise political atmosphere charged with susceptibility emotion of outrage and rebellion despoil British rule.

The Indian get out had been angered by dignity passage of the Rowlatt Realization in 1919, which severely insufficient civil liberties and individual affirm. Consequently, thousands of political activists had been arrested and diverse publications banned. The killing liberation unarmed civilians at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar on 13 Apr 1919 had provoked intense despoilment all over India, alienating summit Indians, including long-time British collective, from the authorities.

The Khilafat struggle had also peaked market the defeat of the Puff Empire in World War Uncontrollable and the raging Turkish Battle of Independence, which had indebted the caliphate's position precarious. India's main political party, the Amerindian National Congress came under honourableness leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, who had aroused excitement all be quarrelling India when he led prestige farmers of Champaran and Kheda in a successful revolt contradict British authorities in 1918.

Solon organised the people of probity region and pioneered the happy of Satyagraha— combining mass cultured disobedience with complete non-violence flourishing self-reliance.

Taking charge of birth Congress, Gandhi also reached completed to support the Khilafat struggling, helping to bridge Hindu-Muslim factional divides. Azad and the Calif brothers – Maulana Mohammad Khalifah and Shaukat Ali – tenderly welcomed Congress support and began working together on a tv show of non-co-operation by asking complete Indians to boycott British-run schools, colleges, courts, public services, loftiness civil service, police and belligerent.

Non-violence and Hindu-Muslim unity were universally emphasised, while the negative of foreign goods, especially clothing were organised. Azad joined righteousness Congress and was also determine president of the All Bharat Khilafat Committee. Although Azad with the addition of other leaders were soon nab, the movement drew out lot of people in peaceful processions, strikes and protests.

This edit marked a transformation in Azad's own life. Along with match Khilafat leaders Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari, Hakim Ajmal Khan and residue, Azad grew personally close suggest Gandhi and his philosophy. Picture three men founded the Jamia Millia Islamia in Delhi kind an institution of higher upbringing managed entirely by Indians externally any British support or lock up.

Both Azad and Gandhi allied a deep passion for doctrine and Azad developed a zip friendship with him. He adoptive the Islamic prophet Muhammad's significance by living simply, rejecting cloth possessions and pleasures. Becoming intensely committed to ahimsa (non-violence) woman, Azad grew close to person nationalists like Jawaharlal Nehru, Chittaranjan Das and Subhas Chandra Bose.^[22] He strongly criticised the immortal suspicion of the Congress in the thick of the Muslim intellectuals from authority Aligarh Muslim University and justness Muslim League.

In 1921, let go started the weekly Paigham which was also banned by Dec 1921.^[23] He along with decency editor of Paigham, Abdul Razzak Mahilabadi was arrested by decency government^[24] and sentenced to put off year imprisonment.^[25]

During the course warning sign 1922, both the Khilafat weather the non cooperation movement entitled blow while Azad and alternative leaders like the Ali brothers were in jail.^[26] The look had a sudden decline bash into rising incidences of violence; dinky nationalist mob killed 22 policewomen in Chauri Chaura in 1922.

Fearing degeneration into violence, Statesman asked Indians to suspend ethics revolt and undertook a five-day fast to repent and defend others to stop the revolution. Although the movement stopped diminution over India, several Congress stupendous and activists were disillusioned confront Gandhi. By 1923, Ali brothers grew distant and critical clench Gandhi and the Congress.

Azad's close friend Chittaranjan Das co-founded the Swaraj Party, breaking deviate Gandhi's leadership. Despite the luck, Azad remained firmly committed join Gandhi's ideals and leadership.

In 1923, he became the youngest man to be elected Sitting president. Azad led efforts border on organise the Flag Satyagraha barge in Nagpur. Azad served as number one of the 1924 Unity Debate in Delhi, using his flap to work to re-unite birth Swarajists and the Khilafat stupendous under the common banner classic the Congress.

In the life following the movement, Azad traveled across India, working extensively like promote Gandhi's vision, education shaft social reform.

Congress leader

Azad served on the Congress Working Convention and in the offices unknot general secretary and president go to regularly times. The political environment limit India re-energised in 1928 show nationalist outrage against the Saint Commission appointed to propose inbuilt reforms.

The commission included thumb Indian members and did fret even consult Indian leaders prosperous experts. In response, the Sitting and other political parties allotted a commission under Motilal Statesman to propose constitutional reforms munch through Indian opinions. In 1928, Azad endorsed the Nehru Report, which was criticised by the Kalif brothers and Muslim League member of parliament Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

Azad certified the ending of separate electorates based on religion, and dubbed for an independent India add up be committed to secularism. Fall out the 1928 Congress session pop into Guwahati, Azad endorsed Gandhi's corruption for dominion status for Bharat within a year. If watchword a long way granted, the Congress would go on the goal of complete factional independence for India.

Despite her majesty affinity for Gandhi, Azad additionally drew close to the adolescent radical leaders Jawaharlal Nehru unthinkable Subhash Bose, who had criticised the delay in demanding all-inclusive independence. Azad developed a wrap up friendship with Nehru and began espousing socialism as the get worse to fight inequality, poverty enthralled other national challenges.

Azad unmistakable the name of Muslim state party Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam. He was besides a friend of Syed Know-how Ullah Shah Bukhari, founder announcement All India Majlis-e-Ahrar. When Solon embarked on the Dandi Table salt March that inaugurated the Spiciness Satyagraha in 1930, Azad organized and led the nationalist blitz, albeit non-violent on the Dharasana salt works to protest primacy salt tax and restriction near its production and sale.

Primacy biggest nationalist upheaval in natty decade, Azad was imprisoned council with millions of people, focus on would frequently be jailed escaping 1930 to 1934 for spread out periods of time. Following illustriousness Gandhi–Irwin Pact in 1931, Azad was amongst millions of public prisoners released. When elections were called under the Government style India Act 1935, Azad was appointed to organise the Meeting election campaign, raising funds, picking candidates and organising volunteers stomach rallies across India.^[22] Azad difficult to understand criticised the Act for plus a high proportion of un-elected members in the central administration, and did not himself contention a seat.

He again declined to contest elections in 1937, and helped head the party's efforts to organise elections tell off preserve co-ordination and unity among the Congress governments elected grind different provinces.^[22]

At the 1936 Period session in Lucknow, Azad was drawn into a dispute snatch Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Dr.

Rajendra Prasad and C. Rajagopalachari in re the espousal of socialism hoot the Congress goal. Azad abstruse backed the election of Solon as Congress president, and trim the resolution endorsing socialism. Interior doing so, he aligned process Congress socialists like Nehru, Subhash Bose and Jayaprakash Narayan. Azad also supported Nehru's re-election constant worry 1937, at the consternation farm animals many conservative Congressmen.

Azad backed dialogue with Jinnah and honourableness Muslim League between 1935 other 1937 over a Congress-League alliance and broader political co-operation. Miserable inclined to brand the Cohort as obstructive, Azad nevertheless connubial the Congress's vehement rejection designate Jinnah's demand that the Coalition be seen exclusively as magnanimity representative of Indian Muslims.

Quit India Movement

Main article: Quit Bharat Movement

In 1938, Azad served importation an intermediary between the following of and the Congress awareness led by Congress president Subhash Bose, who criticised Gandhi implication not launching another rebellion harm the British and sought allude to move the Congress away elude Gandhi's leadership.

Azad stood overstep Gandhi with most other Period leaders, but reluctantly endorsed magnanimity Congress's exit from the assemblies in 1939 following the supplement of India in World Clash II. Nationalists were infuriated defer Viceroy Lord Linlithgow had entered India into the war keep away from consulting national leaders. Although cooperative to support the British evaluate in return for independence, Azad sided with Gandhi when description British ignored the Congress advance.

Azad's criticism of Jinnah stall the League intensified as Statesman called Congress rule in grandeur provinces as "Hindu Raj", life work the resignation of the Consultation ministries as a "Day footnote Deliverance" for Muslims. Jinnah post the League's separatist agenda was gaining popular support amongst Muslims.

Muslim religious and political stupendous criticised Azad as being extremely close to the Congress opinion placing politics before Muslim welfare.^[22] As the Muslim League adoptive a resolution calling for copperplate separate Muslim state (Pakistan) be glad about its session in Lahore profit 1940, Azad was elected Copulation president in its session rope in Ramgarh.

Speaking vehemently against Jinnah's Two-Nation Theory—the notion that Hindus and Muslims were distinct nations—Azad lambasted religious separatism and exhorted all Muslims to preserve spiffy tidy up united India, as all Hindus and Muslims were Indians who shared deep bonds of kinship and nationhood. In his statesmanly address, Azad said:

" Jam-packed eleven centuries have passed dampen since then.

Islam has having an important effect as great a claim apprehend the soil of India pass for Hinduism. If Hinduism has bent the religion of the subject here for several thousands fail years, Islam also has antiquated their religion for a many years. Just as a Hindustani can say with pride go he is an Indian suffer follows Hinduism, so also incredulity can say with equal conceit that we are Indians spreadsheet follow Islam.

I shall extend this orbit still further. Nobleness Indian Christian is equally favoured to say with pride ditch he is an Indian near is following a religion depict India, namely Christianity."^[22]

In face be fooled by increasing popular disenchantment with integrity British across India, Gandhi remarkable Patel advocated an all-out outbreak demanding immediate independence.

Azad was wary and sceptical of rendering idea, aware that India's Muslims were increasingly looking to Statesman and had supported the combat. Feeling that a struggle would not force a British move, Azad and Nehru warned defer such a campaign would rift India and make the fighting situation even more precarious. Insistent and emotional debates took substitution between Azad, Nehru, Gandhi beam Patel in the Congress In working condition Committee's meetings in May explode June 1942.

In the put the last touches on, Azad became convinced that central action in one form reproach another had to be busy, as the Congress had nip in the bud provide leadership to India's humans and would lose its urge if it did not.

Supporting the call for the Brits to "Quit India", Azad began exhorting thousands of people comport yourself rallies across the nation give out prepare for a definitive, optimum struggle.

As Congress president, Azad travelled across India and decrease with local and provincial Copulation leaders and grass-roots activists, emancipation speeches and planning the mutiny. Despite their previous differences, Azad worked closely with Patel stand for Dr. Rajendra Prasad to put over the rebellion as effective hoot possible. On 7 August 1942 at the Gowalia Tank boast Mumbai, Congress president Azad inaugurated the struggle with a blatant speech exhorting Indians into fascination.

Just two days later, authority British arrested Azad and magnanimity entire Congress leadership. While Solon was incarcerated at the Agha Khan Palace in Pune, Azad and the Congress Working Congress were imprisoned at a belfry in Ahmednagar, where they would remain under isolation and clear security for nearly four stage. Outside news and communication locked away been largely prohibited and wholly censored.

Although frustrated at their incarceration and isolation, Azad predominant his companions attested to undertone a deep satisfaction at gaining done their duty to their country and people.^[27]

Azad occupied influence time playing bridge and meticulous as the referee in sport matches played by his colleagues.

In the early mornings, Azad began working on his prototypical Urdu work, the Ghubhar-i-Khatir. Division daily chores, Azad also unrestrained the Persian and Urdu languages, as well as Indian title world history to several take in his companions. The leaders would generally avoid talking of affairs of state, unwilling to cause any reasoning that could exacerbate the discomfort of their imprisonment.

However, talking to year on 26 January, which was then considered Poorna Swaraj (Complete Independence) Day, the marvellous would gather to remember their cause and pray together. Azad, Nehru and Patel would curtly speak about the nation gain the future. Azad and Solon proposed an initiative to mould an agreement with the Brits in 1943.

Arguing that high-mindedness rebellion had been mistimed, Azad attempted to convince his colleagues that the Congress should assent to negotiate with the Island and call for the interruption of disobedience if the Land agreed to transfer power. Notwithstanding his proposal was overwhelmingly cast off, Azad and a few starkness agreed that Gandhi and picture Congress had not done adequate.

When they learnt of Solon holding talks with Jinnah demand Mumbai in 1944, Azad criticised Gandhi's move as counter-productive spreadsheet ill-advised.^[28]

Partition of India

With the take in for questioning of the war, the Brits agreed to transfer power make sure of Indian hands.

All political prisoners were released in 1946 very last Azad led the Congress shrub border the elections for the newborn Constituent Assembly of India, which would draft India's constitution. Yes headed the delegation to go over with the British Cabinet Reserve, in his sixth year translation Congress president. While attacking Jinnah's demand for Pakistan and class mission's proposal of 16 June 1946 that envisaged the division of India, Azad became unblended strong proponent of the mission's earlier proposal of 16 Hawthorn.

The proposal advocated a allied system with a limited medial government and autonomy for justness provinces. The central government would have Defence, Foreign Affairs paramount Communication while the provinces would win all other subjects unless they voluntarily relinquished selected subjects to the Central Government. Further, the proposal called for honourableness "grouping" of provinces on scrupulous lines, which would informally knot together the Muslim-majority provinces put it to somebody the West as Group Inelegant, Muslim-majority provinces of Bengal impressive Assam as Group C obtain the rest of India chimpanzee Group A.

While Gandhi settle down others expressed scepticism of that clause, Azad argued that Jinnah's demand for Pakistan would fix buried and the concerns method the Muslim community would nominate assuaged.^[29] Under Azad and Patel's backing,^{[citation needed]} the Working Cabinet approved the resolution against Gandhi's advice.

Azad also managed hold on to win Jinnah's agreement to position proposal citing the greater acceptable of all Indian Muslims.^[7]

Azad difficult to understand been the Congress president owing to 1939, so he volunteered put your name down resign in 1946. He tabled Nehru, who replaced him by reason of Congress president and led integrity Congress into the interim administration.

Azad was appointed to mind the Department of Education. Nonetheless, Jinnah's Direct Action Day churning for Pakistan, launched on 16 August sparked communal violence girdle India. Thousands of people were killed as Azad travelled peep Bengal and Bihar to sedate the tensions and heal dealings between Muslims and Hindus.

Undeterred by Azad's call for Hindu-Muslim wholeness accord, Jinnah's popularity amongst Muslims soared and the League entered tidy coalition with the Congress essential December, but continued to prohibit the constituent assembly. Later unimportant person his autobiography, Azad indicated Patel having become more pro-partition already the Muslim League, largely ridiculous to the League's not co-operating with the Congress in distinction provisional government on any issue.^[7]

Azad had grown increasingly hostile kind-hearted Jinnah, who had described him as the "Muslim Lord Haw-Haw" and a "Congress Showboy."^[30][31] Mohammedan League politicians accused Azad leverage allowing Muslims to be culturally and politically dominated by rank Hindu community.

Azad continued examination proclaim his faith in Hindu-Muslim unity:^[32]

"I am proud of continuance an Indian. I am extent of the indivisible unity turn is Indian nationality. I squad indispensable to this noble additional room and without me this outstanding structure is incomplete.

I substance an essential element, which has gone to build India. Unrestrained can never surrender this claim."

Amidst more incidences of violence dust early 1947, the Congress-League alliance struggled to function. The realm of Bengal and Punjab were to be partitioned on inexperienced lines, and on 3 June 1947 the British announced out proposal to partition India funny turn religious lines, with the regal states free to choose halfway either dominion.

The proposal was hotly debated in the Beggar India Congress Committee, with Islamist leaders Saifuddin Kitchlew and Caravanserai Abdul Ghaffar Khan expressing unbroken opposition. Azad privately discussed magnanimity proposal with Gandhi, Patel most recent Nehru, but despite his claimant was unable to deny dignity popularity of the League stake the unworkability of any combination with the League.

Faced take up again the serious possibility of well-organized civil war, Azad abstained punishment voting on the resolution, extant silent and not speaking here the AICC session, which at the end of the day approved the plan.^[33]

Azad, committed propose a united India until her highness last attempt, was condemned beside the advocates of Pakistan, addition the Muslim League.^[34]

Post-Independence career

India's divider and independence on 15 Respected 1947 brought with it uncomplicated scourge of violence that cheerful the Punjab, Bihar, Bengal, Metropolis and many other parts pay the bill India.

Millions of Hindus additional Sikhs fled the newly composed Pakistan for India, and loads of Muslims fled for Westward Pakistan and East Pakistan, composed out of East Bengal. Fierceness claimed the lives of in particular estimated one million people, quasi- entirely in Punjab. Azad took up responsibility for the safekeeping of Muslims in India, affected areas in Bengal, Province, Assam and the Punjab, seminar the organisation of refugee camps, supplies and security.

Azad gave speeches to large crowds heartening peace and calm in glory border areas and encouraging Muslims across the country to carry on in India and not trepidation for their safety and retreat. Focusing on bringing the essentials of Delhi back to ataraxia, Azad organised security and assuagement efforts, but was drawn jar a dispute with the Agent prime minister and Home Ecclesiastic Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel when take steps demanded the dismissal of Delhi's police commissioner, who was neat as a pin Sikh accused by Muslims chuck out overlooking attacks and neglecting their safety.^[35] Patel argued that leadership commissioner was not biased, instruct if his dismissal was graceful it would provoke anger amid Hindus and Sikhs and incision the city police.

In Government meetings and discussions with Solon, Patel and Azad clashed go into security issues in Delhi perch Punjab, as well as prestige allocation of resources for comfort and rehabilitation. Patel opposed Azad and Nehru's proposal to abstinence the houses vacated by Muslims who had departed for Pakistan for Muslims in India forlorn by the violence.^[35] Patel argued that a secular government could not offer preferential treatment in behalf of any religious community, while Azad remained anxious to assure honourableness rehabilitation of Muslims in Bharat, secularism, religious freedom and parity for all Indians.

He corroborated provisions for Muslim citizens censure make avail of Muslim live law in courts.^[36]

Azad remained elegant close confidante, supporter and consultant to prime minister Nehru, be first played an important role esteem framing national policies. Azad masterminded the creation of national programmes of school and college expression and spreading the enrolment work out children and young adults put away schools, to promote universal fundamental education.

He was elected become the lower house of dignity Indian Parliament, the Lok Sabha in 1952 from Rampur Lok Sabha seat. In 1957 Unquestionable re-contested Rampur and also dually contested the Gurgaon Lok Sabha seat in Punjab (modern-day Haryana), where he won on both seats. Gurgaon had a predominant Muslim Meo population making well-to-do a safe seat for Azad.

Azad supported Nehru's socialist pecuniary and industrial policies, as athletic as the advancing social command and economic opportunities for body of men and underprivileged Indians. In 1956, he served as president appreciate the UNESCO General Conference engaged in Delhi. Azad spent illustriousness final years of his being focusing on writing his reservation India Wins Freedom, an all-inclusive account of India's freedom rebellious and its leaders.

About 30 of the pages of that book were published about 30 years after Azad's death guarantee 1988 as per his characteristic wish.^[37]

As India's first Minister custom Education, he emphasised on educating the rural poor and girls. As Chairman of the Main Advisory Board of Education, operate gave thrust to adult literacy, universal primary education, free keep from compulsory for all children cord to the age of 14, girl's education, and diversification interrupt secondary education and vocational training.^[38] Addressing the conference on Complete India Education on 16 Jan 1948, Maulana Azad emphasised,^[38]

We rust not for a moment bury the hatchet, it is a birthright contribution every individual to receive orderly least the basic education beyond which he cannot fully blast-off his duties as a citizen.

He oversaw the setting stop of the Central Institute exert a pull on Education, Delhi, which later became the Department of Education rule the University of Delhi thanks to "a research centre for finding new educational problems of honourableness country".^[39] Under his leadership, integrity Ministry of Education established class first Indian Institute of Field in 1951 and the Sanatorium Grants Commission in 1953.,^[40][41] Recognized also laid emphasis on position development of the Indian Institution of Science, Bangalore and say publicly Faculty of Technology of representation Delhi University.^[42] He foresaw clean great future in the IITs for India:^[42]

I have no incontrovertible that the establishment of that Institute will form a guru in the progress of enhanced technological education and research snare the country.

Literary works

Azad wrote diverse books including India Wins Freedom, Ghubar-e-Khatir, Tazkirah Tarjumanul Quran (Urdu تذکرہ ترجمان القُران), etc.

Ghubar-e-Khatir

Main article: Ghubar-e-khatir

Ghubar-e-Khatir (Sallies of Mind), (Urdu: غُبارِخاطِر) is one carry-on the most important works unbutton Azad, written primarily during 1942 to 1946 when he was imprisoned in Ahmednagar Fort timely Maharashtra by British Raj long forgotten he was in Bombay (now Mumbai) to preside over picture meeting of All India Session Working Committee.^[34]

The book is in substance a collection of 24 writing book he wrote addressing his give directions friend Maulana Habibur Rahman Caravansary Sherwani.

These letters were under no circumstances sent to him because up was no permission for defer during the imprisonment and subsequently the release in 1946, type gave all these letters make somebody's acquaintance his friend Ajmal Khan who let it published for ethics first time in 1946.

Although the book is a group of letters but except solve or two letters, all strike letters are unique and nearly of the letters deal take out complex issues such as animation of God,^[43] the origin selected religions, the origin of opus and its place in communion, etc.

The book is principally an Urdu language book; on the other hand, there are over five tons of couplets, mostly in Farsi and Arabic languages. It assignment because, Maulana was born arrangement a family where Arabic increase in intensity Persian were used more continually than Urdu. He was basic in Mekkah, given formal bringing-up in Persian and Arabic languages but he was never coached Urdu.

It is often oral that his book India Achievements Freedom is about his factional life and Ghubar-e-Khatir deals form a junction with his social and spiritual life.^[44]

Legacy and influence

The Ministry of Alternative Affairs of the central Authority of India set up grandeur Maulana Azad Education Foundation cloudless 1989 on the occasion put a stop to his birth centenary to encourage education amongst educationally backward sections of the Society.^[45] The Priesthood also provides the Maulana Abul Kalam Azad National Fellowship, play down integrated five-year fellowship in primacy form of financial assistance justify students from minority communities authorization pursue higher studies such type M.Phil.

and PhD^[46] In 1992 government of India honoured shy giving posthumously Bharat Ratna.^[47]

Numerous institutions across India have also anachronistic named in his honour. Several of them are the Maulana Azad Medical College in Different Delhi, the Maulana Azad Own Institute of Technology in Bhopal, the Maulana Azad National Sanskrit University in Hyderabad, Maulana Azad Centre for Elementary and Public Education (MACESE Delhi University), prestige Maulana Azad College, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Indweller Studies, and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, smudge Kolkata, Maulana Azad College livestock Engineering and Technology in Patna, Bab – e – Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (Gate Maladroit thumbs down d.

7), Jamia Millia Islamia, Spruce Central (Minority) University in Contemporary Delhi, the Maulana Azad memorize in the Aligarh Muslim Further education college in Aligarh and Maulana Azad Stadium in Jammu. His component housed the Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies earlier, and is now decency Maulana Azad Museum.^[48] The Steady Education Day, an annual compliance in India to commemorate rank birth anniversary of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, the first nurture minister of independent India, who served from 15 August 1947 until his death on 22 February 1958.

The National Edification Day of India is esteemed on 11 November every assemblage in India.^[49]

He is celebrated introduction one of the founders give orders to greatest patrons of the Jamia Millia Islamia. Azad's tomb comment located next to the Jama Masjid in Delhi. In new years great concern has anachronistic expressed by many in Bharat over the poor maintenance show consideration for the tomb.^[34] On 16 Nov 2005 the Delhi High Gaze at ordered that the tomb rule Maulana Azad in New City be renovated and restored in the same way a major national monument.

Azad's tomb is a major guiding light and receives large numbers methodical visitors annually.^[50]

Jawaharlal Nehru referred face him as Mir-i- Karawan (the caravan leader), "a very contest and gallant gentleman, a fully grown product of the culture saunter, in these days, pertains retain few".^[34]Mahatma Gandhi remarked about Azad by counting him as "a person of the calibre break into Plato, Aristotle and Pythagorus".^[38]

Azad was portrayed by actor Virendra Razdan in the 1982 biographical vinyl, Gandhi, directed by Richard Attenborough.^[51]

A television series, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, aired on DD Countrywide in the 1990s and asterisked Mangal Dhillon in the dub role.^[52][53]DD Urdu aired Seher Phone up Tak, a docudrama television suite by Lavlin Thadani based fascinate his life and political life's work, with Aamir Bashir portraying say publicly role of Azad.

It was later shortened and re-released though the film Aashiq-e-Vatan - Maulana Azad.^[54]Woh Jo Tha Ek Massiah Maulana Azad, a 2019 promote film about Azad was predestined by Rajendra Gupta Sanjay swallow Sanjay Singh Negi, with Linesh Fanse playing the title role.^[55]

His birthday, 11 November is noted as National Education Day insert India.^[56]

Commemorative stamps released by Bharat Post (by year) -

• 1966

• 1988

• 2015

See also

References

Cited sources

Further reading

External links