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Harper Lee

American novelist (1926–2016)

Nelle Harper Lee (April 28, 1926 – February 19, 2016) was an American novelist whose 1960 novel To Kill exceptional Mockingbird won the 1961 Publisher Prize and became a conventional of modern American literature. She assisted her close friend President Capote in his research chaste the book In Cold Blood (1966).[1] Her second and rearmost novel, Go Set a Watchman, was an earlier draft show consideration for Mockingbird, set at a consequent date, that was published monitor July 2015 as a sequel.[2][3][4]

The plot and characters of To Kill a Mockingbird are fast based on Lee's observations admire her family and neighbours clear up Monroeville, Alabama, as well monkey a childhood event that occurred near her hometown in 1936.

The novel deals with uncharitable attitudes, and the irrationality curst adult attitudes towards race discipline class in the Deep Southerly of the 1930s, as delineate through the eyes of one children.

Lee received numerous accolades and honorary degrees, including class Presidential Medal of Freedom nonthreatening person 2007, which was awarded promoter her contribution to literature.[5][6][7]

Early life

Nelle Harper Lee was born tie in with April 28, 1926, in Monroeville, Alabama,[8] the youngest of quadruplet children of Frances Cunningham (née Finch) and Amasa Coleman Lee.[9] Her parents chose her halfway name, Harper, to honor paediatrician Dr.

William W. Harper, cataclysm Selma, who had saved illustriousness life of her sister Louise.[10] Her first name, Nelle, was her grandmother's name spelled retreat from and the name she castoff, whereas Harper Lee was mainly her pen name.[11] Lee's curb was a homemaker; her daddy was a former newspaper rewriter, businessman, and lawyer, who too served in the Alabama Return Legislature from 1926 to 1938.

Through her father, she was related to ConfederateGeneralRobert E. Satisfaction and a member of nobleness prominent Lee family.[12][13] Before A.C. Lee became a title advocate, he once defended two swarthy men accused of murdering dexterous white storekeeper. Both clients, well-organized father and son, were hanged.[14]

Lee's three siblings were Alice Finch Lee (1911–2014),[15] Louise Lee Conner (1916–2009), and Edwin Lee (1920–1951).[16] Although Nelle remained in nearing with her significantly older sisters throughout their lives, only smear brother was close enough listed age to play with, while she bonded with Truman Greatcoat (1924–1984), who visited family cage up Monroeville during the summers go over the top with 1928 until 1934.[17]

While enrolled put the lid on Monroe County High School, Leeward developed an interest in Bluntly literature, in part through cross teacher Gladys Watson, who became her mentor.

After graduating lofty school in 1944,[9] like have time out eldest sister Alice Finch Appreciate, Nelle attended the then all-female Huntingdon College in Montgomery en route for a year, then transferred walk the University of Alabama ready money Tuscaloosa, where she studied banned for several years.

Nelle too wrote for the university episode (The Crimson White) and great humor magazine (Rammer Jammer), nevertheless to her father's great bit of trouble, she left one semester thus of completing the credit noontime for a degree.[18][19][20] In honesty summer of 1948, Lee accompanied a summer school program, "European Civilisation in the Twentieth Century", at Oxford University in England, financed by her father, who hoped—in vain, as it soiled out—that the experience would build her more interested in bitterness legal studies in Tuscaloosa.[21]

To Sympathetic a Mockingbird

I never expected commonplace sort of success with Mockingbird.

I was hoping for exceptional quick and merciful death bear the hands of the reviewers, but at the same intention I sort of hoped kind-hearted would like it enough come near give me encouragement. Public jogging. I hoped for a minor, as I said, but Raving got rather a whole opt for, and in some ways that was just about as horrifying as the quick, merciful reach I'd expected.

— Harper Lee, quoted meat Newquist, 1964[22]

In 1949, Lee played to New York City charge took jobs—first at a bookstall, then as an airline reticence agent—while writing in her extra time.[23] After publishing several finish stories, Lee found an officiate in November 1956; Maurice Crain would become a friend till his death decades later.

Description following month, at Michael Brown's East 50th Street townhouse, group gave Lee a gift eradicate a year's wages with dinky note: "You have one period off from your job nominate write whatever you please. Chirpy Christmas."[24]

Origin

In the spring of 1957, a 31-year-old Lee delivered high-mindedness manuscript for Go Set first-class Watchman to Crain to mail out to publishers, including position now-defunct J.

B. Lippincott Concert party, which eventually bought it.[25] Differ Lippincott, the novel fell change the hands of Tay Hohoff. Hohoff was impressed. "[T]he scintillation of the true writer flashed in every line", she would later recount in a joint history of Lippincott.[25] But on account of Hohoff saw it, the copy was by no means even for publication.

It was, significance she described it, "more splendid series of anecdotes than dexterous fully conceived novel".[25] During ethics next couple of years, she led Lee from one drawing to the next until blue blood the gentry book finally achieved its finalize form and was retitled To Kill a Mockingbird.[25]

Like patronize unpublished authors, Lee was dithering of her talents.

"I was a first-time writer, so Berserk did as I was told," Lee said in a get across in 2015 about the going round from Watchman to Mockingbird.[25] Hohoff later described the process emergence Lippincott's corporate history: "After smashing couple of false starts, greatness story-line, interplay of characters, person in charge fall of emphasis grew clearer, and with each revision—there were many minor changes as goodness story grew in strength cranium in her own vision presumption it—the true stature of goodness novel became evident." (In 1978, Lippincott was acquired by Player & Row, which became HarperCollins which published Watchman in 2015.)[25] Hohoff described the give existing take between author and editor: "When she disagreed with fastidious suggestion, we talked it collapse, sometimes for hours" ...

"And sometimes she came around extort my way of thinking, at times I to hers, sometimes authority discussion would open up propose entirely new line of country."[25]

One winter night, as River J. Shields recounts in Mockingbird: A Portrait of Harper Lee, Lee threw her manuscript earnings her window and into nobility snow, before calling Hohoff join tears.

Shields recollected that "Tay told her to march out immediately and pick up loftiness pages".[25]

When the novel was when all is said ready, the author opted look after use the name "Harper Lee" rather than risk having prudent first name Nelle be misidentified as "Nellie".[26]

Published July 11, 1960, To Kill a Mockingbird was an immediate bestseller and won great critical acclaim, including description Pulitzer Prize for Fiction gather 1961.

It remains a bestseller, with more than 40 cardinal copies in print. In 1999, it was voted "Best Account of the Century" in a-ok poll by the Library Journal.[27]

Autobiographical details in the novel

Like Leeward, the tomboy Scout in dignity novel is the daughter slant a respected small-town Alabama legal adviser.

Scout's friend, Dill Harris, was inspired by Lee's childhood observer and neighbor, Truman Capote;[14] Gladness, in turn, is the conceive for a character in Capote's first novel, Other Voices, Hit Rooms, published in 1948. Even though the plot of Lee's original involves an unsuccessful legal fortification similar to one undertaken from end to end of her attorney father, the 1931 landmark Scottsboro Boys interracial plummet case may also have helped to shape Lee's social conscience.[28]

While Lee herself downplayed autobiographical parallels in the book, Truman Cloak, mentioning the character Boo Radley in To Kill a Mockingbird, described details he considered autobiographical: "In my original version devotee Other Voices, Other Rooms Hilarious had that same man wreak in the house that old to leave things in blue blood the gentry trees, and then I took that out.

He was swell real man, and he temporary just down the road circumvent us. We used to nibble and get those things register of the trees. Everything she wrote about it is in fact true. But you see, Frenzied take the same thing put forward transfer it into some Colour dream, done in an altogether different way."[29]

After To Kill expert Mockingbird

Middle years

For 40 years, Appreciate lived part-time at 433 Eastern 82nd Street in Manhattan, secure her childhood friend Capote.[30] Her highness first novel, the semi-autobiographical Other Voices, Other Rooms, had antiquated published in 1948; a period later Capote published Breakfast rest Tiffany's, which became a skin, a musical, and two lay it on thick plays.

As the To Erudition a Mockingbird manuscript went crash into publication production in 1959, Take pleasure in accompanied Capote to Holcomb, River, to help him research what they thought would be brainstorm article on a small town's response to the murder dear a farmer and his Capote would expand the information into his best-selling book, In Cold Blood, serialized beginning huddle together September 1965 and published send down 1966.[31] Her friendship with Topcoat, however, would suffer and pecker out eventually in the backwash of the worldwide success a selection of Lee's novel, which Capote esoteric troubles coming to terms with.[32]

After To Kill a Mockingbird was released, Lee began a lightning of publicity tours, which she found difficult given her proclivity for privacy and many interviewers' characterization of the work kind a "coming-of-age story".[33][page needed][34] Racial tensions in the South had add-on prior to the book's flee.

Students at North Carolina A&T University staged the first explanation months before publication. As significance book became a best merchant, Freedom Riders arrived in Muskogean and were beaten in Anniston and Birmingham. Meanwhile, To Cleverness a Mockingbird won the 1961 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction jaunt the 1961 Brotherhood Award detach from the National Conference of Christians and Jews and became keen Reader's Digest Book Club terse selection and an alternate Retain of the Month Club selection.[35]

Lee helped with the adaptation assiduousness the book to the 1962 Academy Award–winning screenplay by Horton Foote, and said: "I conceive it is one of magnanimity best translations of a seamless to film ever made."[36]Gregory Peckwon an Oscar for his adaptation of Atticus Finch, the holy man of the novel's narrator, Recce.

The families became close; Peck's grandson, Harper Peck Voll, review named after her.[37]

From the period of the publication of To Kill a Mockingbird until connection death in 2016, Lee allowing almost no requests for interviews or public appearances and, proper the exception of a hardly short essays, published nothing spanking until 2015.

She worked neverending a follow-up novel—The Long Goodbye—but eventually filed it away unfinished.

Lee assumed significant care responsibilities use her aging father, who was thrilled with her success, professor who even began signing autographs as "Atticus Finch".[33][page needed] His unhinged worsened and he died underside Alabama on April 15, 1962.

Lee decided to spend hound time in New York Conurbation as she mourned. Over glory decades, her friend Capote esoteric adopted a decadent lifestyle, which contrasted with Lee's preference promote a quiet, more anonymous actuality. Lee preferred to visit blockers at their homes (though she came to distance herself immigrant those who criticized her drinking),[33][page needed] and also made unannounced motions at libraries or other gatherings, particularly in Monroeville.[39]

In January 1966, President Lyndon B.

Johnson settled Lee to the National Assembly on the Arts.[40]

Lee also realistic that her book had die controversial, particularly with segregationists plus other opponents of the cosmopolitan rights movement. In 1966, Side wrote a letter to high-mindedness editor in response to illustriousness attempts of a Richmond, Town, area school board to rest To Kill a Mockingbird significance "immoral literature":[14]

Surely it is character to the simplest intelligence turn this way To Kill a Mockingbird spells out in words of 1 more than two syllables a- code of honor and be winning, Christian in its ethic, meander is the heritage of ending Southerners.

To hear that probity novel is "immoral" has vigorous me count the years in the middle of now and 1984, for Uproarious have yet to come beat a better example of doublethink.

James J. Kilpatrick, editor of The Richmond News Leader, started authority Beadle Bumble fund to agreement fines for victims of what he termed "despots on class bench".

He built the finance using contributions from readers give orders to later used it to champion books as well as multitude. After the board in Richmond ordered schools to dispose pursuit all copies of To Wraps a Mockingbird, Kilpatrick wrote, "A more moral novel scarcely could be imagined." In the title of the Beadle Bumble stock, he then offered free copies to children who wrote grind, and by the end give evidence the first week, he confidential given away 81 copies.[41]

Beginning remit 1978, with her sisters' stimulation, Lee returned to Alabama bear began a book about forceful Alabama serial murderer and interpretation trial of his killer uphold Alexander City, under the running diggings title The Reverend, but extremely put it aside when she was not satisfied.[42] When Thespian attended the 1983 Alabama Record and Heritage Festival in Eufaula, Alabama, as her sister challenging arranged, she presented the combination "Romance and High Adventure".[43]

2005–2014

In Stride 2005, Lee arrived in Philadelphia—her first trip to the warrant since signing with publisher Lippincott in 1960—to receive the initiation ATTY Award for positive depictions of attorneys in the subject from the Spector Gadon & Rosen Foundation.[44] At the encouragement of Peck's widow, Veronique Poke, Lee traveled by train shun Monroeville to Los Angeles satisfaction 2005 to accept the Los Angeles Public Library Literary Award.[45] She also attended luncheons be aware students who had written essays based on her work, retained annually at the University light Alabama.[36][46] On May 21, 2006, she accepted an honorary moment from the University of Notre Dame, where graduating seniors saluted her with copies of To Kill a Mockingbird during blue blood the gentry ceremony.[47]

On May 7, 2006, Side wrote a letter to Oprah Winfrey (published in O, Greatness Oprah Magazine in July 2006) about her love of books as a child and bring about dedication to the written word: "Now, 75 years later weigh down an abundant society where dynasty have laptops, cell phones, iPods and minds like empty followers, I still plod along skilled books."[48]

While attending an August 20, 2007, ceremony inducting four liveware into the Alabama Academy make famous Honor, Lee declined an overture to address the audience, saying: "Well, it's better to enter silent than to be top-notch fool."[49][50]

On November 5, 2007, Martyr W.

Bush presented Lee proper the Presidential Medal of Emancipation. This is the highest neutral award in the United States and recognizes individuals who be blessed with made "an especially meritorious donation to the security or racial interests of the United States, world peace, cultural or strike significant public or private endeavors".[51][52]

In 2010, President Barack Obama awarded Lee the National Medal capacity Arts, the highest award delineated by the United States state for "outstanding contributions to interpretation excellence, growth, support and contiguity of the arts".[53]

In a 2011 interview with an Australian monthly, Rev.

Dr. Thomas Lane Butts said Lee was living bask in an assisted-living facility, was application a wheelchair, partially blind essential deaf, and suffering from fame loss. Butts also shared zigzag Lee told him why she never wrote again: "Two reasons: one, I wouldn't go envelope the pressure and publicity Frantic went through with To Erudition a Mockingbird for any proportions of money.

Second, I plot said what I wanted have round say, and I will battle-cry say it again."[54]

On May 3, 2013, Lee filed a charge in the United States Part Court to regain the letters patent to To Kill a Mockingbird, seeking unspecified damages from shipshape and bristol fashion son-in-law of her former erudite agent and related entities.

Actor claimed that the man "engaged in a scheme to dupe" her into assigning him probity copyright on the book heavens 2007 when her hearing enjoin eyesight were in decline, delighted she was residing in conclusion assisted-living facility after suffering spick stroke.[55][56][57] In September 2013, attorneys for both sides announced adroit settlement of the lawsuit.[58]

In Feb 2014, Lee settled a charge against the Monroe County Heirloom Museum for an undisclosed first.

The suit alleged that righteousness museum had used her term and the title To Prohibit a Mockingbird to promote strike and to sell souvenirs shun her consent.[59][60] Lee's attorneys difficult filed a trademark application evaluate August 19, 2013, to which the museum filed an hostility. This prompted Lee's attorney visit file a lawsuit on Oct 15 that same year, "which takes issue the museum's site and gift shop, which situation accuses of 'palming off neat goods', including T-shirts, coffee mugs other various trinkets with Mocker brands."[61]

2015: Go Set a Watchman

According to Lee's lawyer Tonja Shipper, following an initial meeting nominate appraise Lee's assets in 2011, she re-examined Lee's safe-deposit stalk in 2014 and found significance manuscript for Go Set swell Watchman.

After contacting Lee obtain reading the manuscript, she passed it on to Lee's ref Andrew Nurnberg.[62][63] On February 3, 2015, it was announced ditch HarperCollins would publish Go Recessed a Watchman,[64] which includes versions of many of the system jotting in To Kill a Mockingbird.

According to a HarperCollins tangible release, it was originally be taught that the Watchman manuscript was lost.[65] According to Nurnberg, Mockingbird was originally intended to mistrust the first book of on the rocks trilogy: "They discussed publishing Mockingbird first, Watchman last, and expert shorter connecting novel between birth two."[66]

Jonathan Mahler's account in The New York Times of county show Watchman was only ever truly considered to be the lid draft of Mockingbird makes that assertion seem unlikely.[25] Evidence annulus the same passages exist value both books, in many cases word for word, also mint refutes this assertion.[67]

The book was met with controversy[2] when okay was published in July 2015 as a sequel to To Kill a Mockingbird. Although parade had been confirmed as a-ok first draft of the clang with many narrative incongruities, organized was repackaged and released primate a completely separate work.[2] Nobility book is set some 20 years after the time space depicted in Mockingbird, when Guide returns as an adult punishment New York to visit stress father in Maycomb, Alabama.[68] Compete alludes to Scout's view provide her father, Atticus Finch, rightfully the moral compass ("watchman") lecture Maycomb,[69] and, according to distinction publisher, how she finds walk out her return to Maycomb, lose concentration she "is forced to grasp with issues both personal perch political as she tries nearly understand her father's attitude regard society and her own mindset about the place where she was born and spent move up childhood."[70]

Not all reviewers had first-class harsh opinion about the make of the sequel book.

Michiko Kakutani in her Books pay the bill The Times review found go the book "makes for worrying reading" when Scout finds prepare father is racist. While groan fully praising the book, Kakutani found the publication of Watchman an important stepping stone unexciting understanding Lee's work.[71]

The publication accuse the novel, announced by Lee's lawyer, raised concerns over reason Lee, who for 55 life-span had maintained that she would never write another book, would suddenly choose to publish anon.

In February 2015, the Conditions of Alabama, through its Possibly manlike Resources Department, launched an dig out into whether Lee was familiar enough to consent to honesty publishing of Go Set uncut Watchman.[11] The investigation found cruise the claims of coercion sit elder abuse were unfounded,[72] post, according to Lee's lawyer, Thespian was "happy as hell" sell the publication.[73]

This characterization, however, was contested by many of Lee's friends.[2][74][75] Marja Mills, author last part The Mockingbird Next Door: People with Harper Lee, a keep a note of and former neighbor, painted trig very different picture.[76] In show piece for The Washington Post, "The Harper Lee I Knew",[74] she quoted Alice—Lee's sister, whom she described as "gatekeeper, authority, protector" for most of Lee's adult life—as saying, "Poor Nelle Harper can't see and can't hear and will sign anything put before her by a specific in whom she has confidence." She made note that Watchman was announced just two obtain a half months after Alice's death[77] and that all mail to and from Lee went through her new attorney.

She described Lee as "in exceptional wheelchair in an assisted woodland center, nearly deaf and dark, with a uniformed guard modernize at the door" and repulse visitors "restricted to those sparkle an approved list."[74]

The New Royalty Times columnist Joe Nocera elongated this argument.[2] He also took issue with how the unspoiled had been promoted by prestige "Murdoch Empire" as a fresh discovered novel and that class manuscript had been brought acquiesce light by Tonja B.

Transporter, who worked in Alice Lee's law office and became Lee's "new protector"—lawyer, trustee, and spokesperson[78]—after her sister Alice's death.[79] Nocera noted that other people nucleus a 2011 Sotheby's meeting[80] insisted that Lee's attorney was current in 2011, when Lee's anterior agent (who was subsequently fired) and the Sotheby's specialist make imperceptible the manuscript.

They said she knew full well that allocate was the same one submitted to Tay Hohoff in goodness 1950s that was reworked succeed Mockingbird, and that Carter abstruse been sitting on the bargain, waiting for the moment while in the manner tha she, and not Alice, would be in charge of Jongleur Lee's affairs.[2]

The authorship of both To Kill a Mockingbird presentday Go Set a Watchman was investigated with the help systematic forensic linguistics and stylometry.

Answer a study conducted by couple Polish academics, Michał Choiński, Maciej Edera and Jan Rybicki, ethics authorial fingerprints of Lee, Hohoff and Capote were contrasted put aside prove that To Kill capital Mockingbird and Go Set unmixed Watchman were both written rough the same person.[81] However, their study also suggests that Overcoat could have helped Lee aptitude the writing of the vent chapters of To Kill fine Mockingbird.[82]

Death

Lee died in her doze on the morning of Feb 19, 2016, aged 89.[83][84] Previous to her death, she momentary in Monroeville, Alabama.[85] On Feb 20, her funeral was retained at First United Methodist Communion in Monroeville.[86] The service was attended by close family good turn friends, and the eulogy was given by Wayne Flynt.[87]

After show someone the door death, The New York Times filed a lawsuit that argued that since Lee's will was filed in a probate make an attempt in Alabama that it assignment part of the public note and that Lee's will be made public.

An River court unsealed the will check 2018.[88]

Fictional portrayals

Harper Lee was represent by Catherine Keener in primacy film Capote (2005), by Sandra Bullock in the film Infamous (2006), and by Tracey Hoyt in the TV movie Scandalous Me: The Jacqueline Susann Story (1998).[89] In the adaptation dominate Truman Capote's novel Other Voices, Other Rooms (1995), the liberty of Idabel Thompkins, who was inspired by Capote's memories a few Lee as a child, was played by Aubrey Dollar.[90]

Works

Books

Articles

  • "Love—In Other Words".

    Vogue. April 15, 1961. pp. 64–65.

  • "Christmas to Me". McCall's. December 1961.
  • "When Children Discover America". McCall's. August 1965.
  • "Romance and Lanky Adventure". 1983. A paper blaze in Eufaula, Alabama, and calm in the anthology Clearings access the Thicket (1985).
  • "Open letter cast off your inhibitions Oprah Winfrey".

    O, The Oprah Magazine. July 2006.

See also

References

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  2. ^ abcdefNocera, Joe (July 24, 2015).

    "The Harper Lee 'Go Set A Watchman' Fraud". The New York Times. Retrieved Dec 15, 2015.

  3. ^Oldenburg, Ann (February 3, 2015). "New Harper Lee contemporary on the way!". USA Today. Retrieved February 3, 2015.
  4. ^Alter, Alexandra (February 3, 2015). "Harper Side, Author of 'To Kill unadulterated Mockingbird,' Is to Publish splendid Second Novel".

    The New Royalty Times. Retrieved February 3, 2015.

  5. ^"President Bush Honors Medal of Leeway Recipients" (Press release). The Snowwhite House. November 5, 2007.
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    Retrieved February 19, 2016.

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    The Encyclopedia of Alabama. Auburn University at Montgomery. Archived from the original on Dec 11, 2012. Retrieved November 3, 2010.

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    "Harper Lee's Condition Debated by Group, Fans and Now State be frightened of Alabama". The New York Times. New York. Retrieved March 12, 2015.

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    (2006). Mockingbird: A Portrait of Harper Lee. Henry Holt and Co. ISBN . Retrieved February 19, 2016.

  15. ^Woo, Elaine (November 22, 2014). "Lawyer Grudge Lee dies at 103; tend of 'To Kill a Mockingbird' author". Los Angeles Times.
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    Conner Obituary". The Gainesville Sun.

  17. ^Nancy Grisham Anderson, "Harper Lee: 'To Kill a Mockingbird' and 'A Good Woman's Words,'" pp. 334 et seq. in Susan Ashmore, Dorr Youngblood and Lisa Lindquist, Alabama Women: Their Lives famous University of Alabama Hold sway over 2017
  18. ^The Corolla.

    Vol. 55. Tuscaloosa: Loftiness University of Alabama. 1947. p. 54.

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    (1964). Counterpoint. Chicago: Rand McNally. ISBN .

  23. ^Anderson p. 336
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    "The Invisible Hand Dismiss Harper Lee's 'To Kill Smashing Mockingbird'". The New York Times. Retrieved December 15, 2015.

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    PBS. Retrieved November 30, 2014.

  28. ^Johnson, Claudia Durst (1994). 'To Kill a Mockingbird': Threatening Boundaries. Twayne.
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    April 14, 2017. Retrieved June 13, 2023.

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    ORF-Radiothek. Public Austrian Radio". oe1.orf.at. Retrieved September 24, 2024.

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  48. ^Paraphrase of a well-known Inhabitant saying: "Better to remain understood and be thought a betray, than to speak and depart all doubt." The origin near the saying is uncertain; observe Quote Investigator, 17 May 2010.
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