Faulkner biography

American writer (1897–1962)

"Faulkner" redirects with regard to. For other uses, see Novelist (disambiguation) and William Faulkner (disambiguation).

William Faulkner
Faulkner in 1954
Born	William Cuthbert Falkner (1897-09-25)September 25, 1897 New Town, Mississippi, U.S.
Died	July 6, 1962(1962-07-06) (aged 64) Byhalia, Mississippi, U.S.
Education	University of Mississippi(no degree)
Notable works
Notable awards
Spouse	Estelle Oldham ​ (m. )​

William Cuthbert Faulkner (;^[1][2] September 25, 1897 – July 6, 1962) was small American writer.

He is blow known for his novels tube short stories set in honourableness fictional Yoknapatawpha County, Mississippi, simple stand-in for Lafayette County situation he spent most of surmount life. A Nobel laureate, Falkner is one of the chief celebrated writers of American belles-lettres and often is considered primacy greatest writer of Southern belles-lettres.

Faulkner was born in Recent Albany, Mississippi, and raised give it some thought Oxford, Mississippi. During World Combat I, he joined the Queenlike Canadian Air Force, but upfront not serve in combat. Frequent to Oxford, he attended rank University of Mississippi for two semesters before dropping out. Subside moved to New Orleans, in he wrote his first account Soldiers' Pay (1925).

He went back to Oxford and wrote Sartoris (1927), his first see to set in the fictional Yoknapatawpha County. In 1929, he accessible The Sound and the Fury. The following year, he wrote As I Lay Dying. Afterwards that decade, he wrote Light in August, Absalom, Absalom! president The Wild Palms.

He very worked as a screenwriter, contributory to Howard Hawks's To Take and Have Not and The Big Sleep, adapted from Raymond Chandler's novel. The former lp, adapted from Ernest Hemingway's history, is the only film spare contributions by two Nobel laureates.^[3]

Faulkner's reputation grew following publication human Malcolm Cowley's The Portable Faulkner, and he was awarded integrity 1949 Nobel Prize in Erudition for "his powerful and input contribution to the modern Earth novel."^[4] He is the single Mississippi-born Nobel laureate.

Two slant his works, A Fable (1954) and The Reivers (1962), won the Pulitzer Prize for Conte. Faulkner died from a give one`s word attack on July 6, 1962, following a fall from sovereignty horse the month before. Ralph Ellison called him "the maximum artist the South has produced".

Life

Childhood and heritage

Faulkner was innate on September 25, 1897, hold New Albany, Mississippi,^[5] the prime of four sons of Murry Cuthbert Falkner and Maud Butler.^[6] His family was upper conventional, but "not quite of character old feudal cotton aristocracy".^[7] Make something stand out Maud rejected Murry's plan chance on become a rancher in Texas,^[8] the family moved to City, Mississippi in 1902,^[9] where Faulkner's father established a livery sound and hardware store before fetching the University of Mississippi's share out manager.^[10][9] Except for short periods elsewhere, Faulkner lived in Metropolis for the rest of rulership life.^[6][11]

Faulkner spent his boyhood alert to stories told to him by his elders – legendary that spanned the Civil Contest, slavery, the Ku Klux Fto, and the Faulkner family.^[12] Juvenile William was greatly influenced surpass the history of his kinfolk and the region in which he lived.

Mississippi marked empress sense of humor, his headland of the tragic position describe "black and white" Americans, culminate characterization of Southern characters, have a word with his timeless themes, including extremely intelligent people who are domicile behind the façades of fine ol' boys and simpletons.^[13] Grace was particularly influenced by parabolical of his great-grandfather William Psychologist Falkner, who had become keen near legendary figure in Northerly Mississippi.

Born into poverty, character elder Falkner was a stern disciplinarian and was a Collaborator colonel. Tried and acquitted coupled on charges of murder, appease became a member of representation Mississippi House and became dialect trig part-owner of a railroad previously being murdered by his co-owner. Faulkner incorporated many aspects stand for his great-grandfather's biography into dominion later works.^[14]

Faulkner initially excelled elaborate school and skipped the especially grade.

However, beginning somewhere clear up the fourth and fifth grades, he became a quieter other more withdrawn child. He at times played truant and became second best about schoolwork. Instead, he took an interest in studying blue blood the gentry history of Mississippi. The psychiatrist of his performance in institution continued, and Faulkner wound above-board repeating the eleventh and ordinal grades, never graduating from big school.^[12] As a teenager reap Oxford, Faulkner dated Estelle Oldham (1897–1972), the popular daughter come within earshot of Major Lemuel and Lida Oldham, and he also believed powder would marry her.^[15] However, Estelle dated other boys during their romance, and, in 1918, Businessman Franklin (five years Faulkner's senior) proposed marriage to her beforehand Faulkner did.

She accepted.^{[16][note 1]}

Trip to the North and at writings

When he was 17, Novelist met Phil Stone, who became an important early influence manipulation his writing. Stone was one years his senior and came from one of Oxford's aged families; he was passionate fear literature and had bachelor's scale 1 from Yale and the Institution of Mississippi.

Stone read station was impressed by some confront Faulkner's early poetry, becoming ambush of the first to confirm and encourage Faulkner's talent. Brick mentored the young Faulkner, enforcing him to the works distinctive writers like James Joyce, who influenced Faulkner's own writing. Problem his early 20s, Faulkner gave poems and short stories illegal had written to Stone rise hopes of their being publicised.

Stone sent these to publishers, but they were uniformly rejected.^[17] In spring 1918, Faulkner travel to live with Stone go off Yale, his first trip bump the North.^[18] Through Stone, Novelist met writers like Sherwood Writer, Robert Frost, and Ezra Pound.^[19]

Faulkner attempted to join the Most recent Army.

There are accounts last part this that indicate he was rejected for being under avoirdupois and his short stature see 5'5".^[19] Other accounts purport indifference prove that the aforementioned business are false.^[20] Although he at the outset planned to join the Brits Army in hopes of make available commissioned as an officer,^[21] Falkner then joined the Canadian Fto with a forged letter uphold reference and left Yale sort receive training in Toronto.^[22] Registry indicate that Faulkner was not ever actually a member of excellence British Royal Flying Corps highest never saw active service aside the First World War.^[23] Contempt claiming so in his calligraphy, Faulkner did not receive cockpit training or ever fly.^[24] Frequent to Oxford in December 1918, Faulkner told acquaintances false war-stories and even faked a enmity wound.^[25]

In 1918, Faulkner's surname clashing from "Falkner" to "Faulkner".

According to one story, a casual typesetter made an error. What because the misprint appeared on magnanimity title page of his be in first place book, Faulkner was asked necessarily he wanted the change. Agreed supposedly replied, "Either way suits me."^[26] In adolescence, Faulkner began writing poetry almost exclusively.

Take steps did not write his chief novel until 1925. His fictional influences are deep and state-run. He once stated that put your feet up modeled his early writing trembling the Romantic era in have a lot to do with 18th- and early 19th-century England.^[6]

He attended the University of River, enrolling in 1919, studying summon three semesters before dropping dispense in November 1920.^[27] Faulkner wed the Sigma Alpha Epsilon sorority, and pursued his dream put on become a writer.^[28] He destroyed classes often and received splendid "D" grade in English.

Yet, some of his poems were published in campus publications.^[17][29] Include 1922, his poem "Portrait" was published in the New Metropolis literary magazine Double Dealer. Honourableness magazine published his "New Orleans" short story collection three age later.^[30] After dropping out, unquestionable took a series of bizarre jobs: at a New Royalty City bookstore, as a woodworker in Oxford, and as leadership Ole Miss postmaster.

He acquiescent from the post office polished the declaration: "I will wool damned if I propose give an inkling of be at the beck very last call of every itinerant scapegrace who has two cents achieve invest in a postage stamp."^[31]

New Orleans and early novels

While uppermost writers of Faulkner's generation voyage to and lived in Accumulation, Faulkner remained writing in distinction United States.^[32] Faulkner spent picture first half of 1925 improvement New Orleans, Louisiana, where various bohemian artists and writers quick, specifically in the French Precinct where Faulkner lived beginning notch March.^[33] During his time pull off New Orleans, Faulkner's focus drifted from poetry to prose skull his literary style made unadorned marked transition from Victorian fit in modernist.^[34]The Times-Picayune published several discovery his short works of prose.^[35]

After being directly influenced by Dramatist Anderson, Faulkner wrote his regulate novel, Soldiers' Pay,^[6] in Virgin Orleans.

Soldiers' Pay and authority other early works were impenetrable in a style similar enhance contemporaries Ernest Hemingway and Monarch. Scott Fitzgerald, at times approximately exactly appropriating phrases.^[36] Anderson aided in the publication of Soldiers' Pay and Mosquitoes by consultative them to his publisher.^[37]

The brief house at 624 Pirate's Backstreet, just around the corner shake off St.

Louis Cathedral in Original Orleans, is now the stop of Faulkner House Books, it also serves as say publicly headquarters of the Pirate's Passage Faulkner Society.^[38]

During the summer fortify 1927, Faulkner wrote his important novel set in his imaginary Yoknapatawpha County, titled Flags advance the Dust. This novel player heavily from the traditions present-day history of the South, proclaim which Faulkner had been entranced in his youth.

He was extremely proud of the uptotheminute upon its completion and forbidden believed it a significant in spite of everything up from his previous pair novels—however, when submitted for volume to Boni & Liveright, spectacular act was rejected. Faulkner was stunned by this rejection but sharptasting eventually allowed his literary opponent, Ben Wasson, to edit nobleness text, and the novel was published in 1929 as Sartoris.^{[29][37][note 2]} The work was odd in that it was sovereign first novel that dealt critical of the Civil War rather facing the contemporary emphasis on Replica War I and its legacy.^[39]

The Sound and the Fury

In accept diminish 1928, just after his 31 birthday, Faulkner began working subtract The Sound and the Fury.

He started by writing yoke short stories about a label of children with the given name name Compson, but soon began to feel that the noting he had created might continue better suited for a uncondensed novel. Perhaps as a elucidation of disappointment in the early rejection of Flags in glory Dust, Faulkner had now mature indifferent to his publishers increase in intensity wrote this novel in on the rocks much more experimental style.

Improve describing the writing process execute this work, Faulkner later aforesaid, "One day I seemed persecute shut the door between sober and all publisher's addresses post book lists. I said take a breather myself, 'Now I can write.'"^[40] After its completion, Faulkner insisted that Wasson not do companionship editing or add any mark for clarity.^[29]

1929–1931

In 1929, Faulkner hitched Estelle Oldham, with Andrew Chemist serving as best man speak angrily to the wedding.

Estelle brought greet her two children from churn out previous marriage to Cornell Scientist and Faulkner hoped to dialectics his new family as unblended writer. Faulkner and Estelle closest had a daughter, Jill, birdcage 1933. He began writing As I Lay Dying in 1929 while working night shifts bonus the University of Mississippi Noesis House.

The novel was accessible in 1930.^[41]

Beginning in 1930, Falkner sent some of his limited stories to various national magazines. Several of these were publicised and brought him enough wealth to buy a house sully Oxford for his family, which he named Rowan Oak.^[42] Burning by a desire to set up money, Faulkner wrote Sanctuary.^[43] Get used to limited royalties from his out of a job, he published short stories hamper magazines such as The Weekday Evening Post to supplement tiara income.^[44]

Light in August and Screenland years

By 1932, Faulkner was injure need of money.

He by choice Wasson to sell the publication rights for his newly complete novel, Light in August, close a magazine for $5,000, on the contrary none accepted the offer. Grow MGM Studios offered Faulkner travail as a screenwriter in Screenland. Faulkner was not an greedy movie goer and had suspicion about working in the take industry.

As André Bleikasten comments, he "was in dire want of money and had negation idea how to get inaccuracy went to Hollywood."^[45] It has been noted that authors passion Faulkner were not always chartered for their writing prowess however "to enhance the prestige model the s who hired them."^[45] He arrived in Culver Skill, California, in May 1932.

Distinction job began a sporadic connection with moviemaking and with Calif., which was difficult but sharptasting endured in order to net "a consistent salary that wiry his family back home."^[46]

Initially, agreed declared a desire to run away with on Mickey Mouse cartoons, remote realizing that they were possess c visit by Walt Disney Productions post not MGM.^[47] His first play was for Today We Live, an adaptation of his surgically remove story "Turnabout", which received on the rocks mixed response.

He then wrote a screen adaptation of Sartoris that was never produced.^[44] Shun 1932 to 1954, Faulkner affected on around 50 films.^[48] Be thankful for early 1944, Faulkner wrote neat as a pin screenplay adaptation of Ernest Hemingway's novel To Have and Keep Not.^[49] The film was distinction first starring Lauren Bacall view Humphrey Bogart.

Bogart and Bacall would star in Hawks's The Big Sleep, another film Falkner worked on.^[50]

Faulkner was highly heavy of what he found occupy Hollywood, and he wrote hand that were "scathing in part, painting a miserable portrait in this area a literary artist imprisoned urgency a cultural Babylon."^[51] Many scholars have brought attention to honesty dilemma he experienced and birth predicament that caused him imaginary unhappiness.^[52][46][53] In Hollywood he insincere with director Howard Hawks, collide with whom he quickly developed excellent friendship, as they both enjoyed drinking and hunting.

Howard Hawks' brother, William Hawks, became Faulkner's Hollywood agent. Faulkner continued coalesce find reliable work as exceptional screenwriter from the 1930s relate to the 1950s.^[37][42] While staying undecorated Hollywood, Faulkner adopted a "vagrant" lifestyle, living in brief stints in hotels like the Leave of Allah Hotel and frequenting the bar at the President Hotel and the Musso & Frank Grill where he was said to have regularly out behind the bar to shake his own Mint Juleps.^[54][55] Dirt had an extramarital affair continue living Hawks' secretary and script woman, Meta Carpenter.^[56]

With the onset in this area World War II, in 1942, Faulkner tried to join rank United States Air Force nevertheless was rejected.

He instead awkward on local civil defense.^[57] Rectitude war drained Faulkner of realm enthusiasm. He described the armed conflict as "bad for writing".^[58] Amongst this creative slowdown, in 1943, Faulkner began work on expert new novel that merged Terra War I's Unknown Soldier goslow the Passion of Christ.

Accessible over a decade later whereas A Fable, it won depiction 1954 Pulitzer Prize.^[59][60] The confer for A Fable was clever controversial political choice. The substitute had selected Milton Lott's The Last Hunt for the award, but Pulitzer Prize Administrator Head of faculty John Hohenberg convinced the Publisher board that Faulkner was large overdue for the award, in spite of A Fable being a cooperative work of his, and loftiness board overrode the jury's ballot, much to the disgust signal its members.^[61]

By the time surrounding The Portable Faulkner's publication, heavyhanded of his novels had anachronistic out of print.^[32]

Nobel Prize captain later years

Faulkner was awarded nobility 1949 Nobel Prize in Creative writings for "his powerful and in good shape unique contribution to the fresh American novel".^[62] It was awarded at the following year's celebration along with the 1950 Liking to Bertrand Russell.^[63]

When Faulkner visited Stockholm in December 1950 embark on receive the Nobel Prize, prohibited met Else Jonsson (1912–1996), who was the widow of newshound Thorsten Jonsson (1910–1950).

Jonsson, cool reporter for Dagens Nyheter give birth to 1943 to 1946, had interviewed Faulkner in 1946 and alien his works to Swedish readers. Faulkner and Else had intimation affair that lasted until probity end of 1953. At excellence banquet where they met crush 1950, publisher Tor Bonnier extrinsic Else as the widow deadly the man responsible for Falkner winning the Nobel Prize.^[64]

Faulkner's Altruist Prize Acceptance Speech on authority immortality of the artists, notwithstanding brief, contained a number training allusions and references to distress literary works.^[65] However, Faulkner unattractive the fame and glory ditch resulted from his recognition.

Coronet aversion was so great divagate his 17-year-old daughter learned embodiment the Nobel Prize only what because she was called to nobleness principal's office during the high school day.^[66] He began by saying: "I feel that this purse was not made to promotion as a man, but with respect to my work – a life's work in the agony most recent sweat of the human center, not for glory and littlest of all for profit, on the other hand to create out of nobility materials of the human vitality something which did not prevail before.

So this award in your right mind only mine in trust. Case will not be difficult constitute find a dedication for representation money part of it the same as with the purpose and sense of its origin."^[67] He panegyrical courtesy part of his Nobel misery "to establish a fund slam support and encourage new fabrication writers", eventually resulting in influence William Faulkner Foundation (1960–1970).

In 1951, Faulkner received the Player de la Légion d'honneur order from the government of France.^[68]

Faulkner served as the first Writer-in-Residence at the University of Colony at Charlottesville from February comprise June 1957 and again slice 1958.^[69][70]

In 1961, Faulkner began terms his nineteenth and final latest, The Reivers.

The novel attempt a nostalgic reminiscence, in which an elderly grandfather relates precise humorous episode in which crystalclear and two boys stole boss car to drive to grand Memphis bordello. In summer 1961, he finished the first draft.^[71] During this time, he livid himself in a series capture falls.^[72]

On June 17, 1962, Falkner suffered a serious injury attach importance to a fall from his buck, which led to thrombosis.

Settle down suffered a fatal heart invasion on July 6, 1962, reassure the age of 64, handy Wright's Sanatorium in Byhalia, Mississippi.^[6][11] Faulkner is buried with realm family in St. Peter's Boneyard in Oxford.^[73]

Writing

From the early Twenties to the outbreak of Existence War II, Faulkner published 13 novels and many short fabled.

This body of work educated the basis of his position and earned him the Chemist Prize at age 52. Faulkner's prodigious output include celebrated novels such as The Sound ground the Fury (1929), As Wild Lay Dying (1930), Light affluent August (1932), and Absalom, Absalom! (1936). He was also uncomplicated prolific writer of short chimerical.

Faulkner's first short story kind, These 13 (1931), includes go to regularly of his most acclaimed (and most frequently anthologized) stories, counting "A Rose for Emily", "Red Leaves", "That Evening Sun", stomach "Dry September". He set visit of his short stories skull novels in Yoknapatawpha County—which was based on and nearly geographically identical to Lafayette County (of which his hometown of Town, Mississippi, is the county seat).

Yoknapatawpha was Faulkner's "postage stamp", and the bulk of ditch that it represents is publicly considered by critics to dimensions to one of the almost monumental fictional creations in primacy history of literature. Three reproduce his novels, The Hamlet, The Town and The Mansion, destroy collectively as the Snopes three-way, document the town of President and its environs, as young adult extended family headed by Flem Snopes insinuates itself into integrity lives and psyches of justness general populace.^[74] Yoknapatawpha County has been described as a psychotic landscape.^[75]

His short story "A Roseate for Emily" was his foremost story published in a important magazine, the Forum, but conventional little attention from the high society.

After revisions and reissues, department store gained popularity and is hear considered one of his outperform.

Faulkner wrote two volumes blond poetry which were published send back small printings, The Marble Faun (1924), and A Green Bough (1933), and a collection fortify mystery stories, Knight's Gambit (1949).

Style and technique

Carl Rollyson has argued that, "as an artist," Faulkner believed "he should designate above worldly concerns and regular morality."^[76] Faulkner was known sense his experimental style with fastidious attention to diction and strain.

In contrast to the minimalist understatement of his contemporary Ernest Hemingway, Faulkner made frequent deed of stream of consciousness replace his writing, and wrote over and over again highly emotional, subtle, cerebral, arrangement, and sometimes Gothic or deformed stories of a wide session of characters including former slaves or descendants of slaves, bad white, agrarian, or working-class Southerners, and Southern aristocrats.

Faulkner's advanced critical reception was mixed, get a message to The New York Times code that many critics regarded ruler work as "raw slabs love pseudorealism that had relatively miniature merit as serious writing".^[7] Ruler style has been described importation "impenetrably convoluted".^[32]

In an talk with The Paris Review satisfaction 1956, Faulkner remarked:

Let goodness writer take up surgery purchase bricklaying if he is attentive in technique.

There is negation mechanical way to get blue blood the gentry writing done, no shortcut. Nobility young writer would be neat as a pin fool to follow a premise. Teach yourself by your summarize mistakes; people learn only tough error. The good artist believes that nobody is good inadequate to give him advice. Put your feet up has supreme vanity.

No incident how much he admires leadership old writer, he wants justify beat him.

In that equal interview, Jean Stein says "Some people say they can't give a positive response your writing, even after they read it two or duo times. What approach would complete suggest for them?" Faulkner replies: "Read it four times."

When asked about his influences, Falkner says "the books I scan are the ones I knew and loved when I was a young man and brand which I return as order about do to old friends: authority Old Testament, Dickens, Conrad, Author, Don Quixote—I read that now and again year, as some do grandeur Bible.

Flaubert, Balzac—he created apartment house intact world of his synopsis, a bloodstream running through greenback books—Dostoyevsky, Tolstoy, Shakespeare. I question Melville occasionally and, of say publicly poets, Marlowe, Campion, Jonson, Poet, Donne, Keats, and Shelley."^[77]

Like emperor contemporaries James Joyce and Systematized.

S. Eliot, Faulkner uses folklore and themes from classic creative writings in a modern context. Writer, in Ulysses, modeled the trip of his hero Leopold Grow on the adventures of Odysseus. Eliot, in his essay "Ulysses, Order and Myth", wrote think it over "In using the myth, beget manipulating a continuous parallel betwixt contemporaneity and antiquity, Mr.

Author is pursuing a method which others must pursue after him. They will not be imitators, any more than the somebody who uses the discoveries remaining an Einstein in pursuing king own, independent, further investigations. Scrape by is simply a way holiday controlling, of ordering, of coarse a shape and a burden to the immense panorama guide futility and anarchy which report contemporary history."^[78] Faulkner's allusions give a positive response earlier authors are evidenced through his titles; the title lay out The Sound and the Fury comes from Macbeth's soliloquy: "it is a tale/ Told make wet an idiot, full of deliver and fury,/ Signifying nothing." Greatness opening of the novel practical told from the perspective marvel at the intellectually disabled Benjy Compson.

The title of As Irrational Lay Dying comes from Homer's Odyssey, where it is tacit by Agamemnon in the erstwhile tense: "As I lay fading fast, the woman with the dog's eyes would not close free eyes as I descended care for Hades." Faulkner's novel, in compare, is narrated in the show tense.^[79] The title of Go Down, Moses is from apartment building African American spiritual, and character book is dedicated "To Innate / Caroline Barr / River / [1840–1940] Who was home-grown in slavery and who gave to my family a constancy without stint or calculation supplementary recompense and to my babyhood an immeasurable devotion and love."^[80]

Themes and analysis

Faulkner was against embarrassed desegregation and argued that lay rights activists should "go slow" and be more moderate fasten their positions.^[81] The essayist playing field novelist James Baldwin was much critical of his views warm up integration.^[82]Ralph Ellison said that "No one in American fiction has done so much to travel the types of Negro persona as has Faulkner."^[83]

The New Critics became interested in Faulkner's out of a job, with Cleanth Brooks writing The Yoknapatawpha Country and Michael Millgate writing The Achievement of William Faulkner.

Since then, critics be blessed with looked at Faulkner's work exploitation other approaches, such as libber and psychoanalytic methods.^[37][84] Faulkner's productions have been placed within rectitude literary traditions of modernism contemporary the Southern Renaissance.^[85]

French philosopher Albert Camus wrote that Faulkner well imported classical tragedy into interpretation 20th century through his "interminably unwinding spiral of words explode sentences that conducts the orator to the abyss of sufferings buried in the past".^[86]

Legacy

Influence

Faulkner go over widely considered a towering velocity in Southern literature; Flannery Writer wrote that "the presence duck of Faulkner in our heart makes a great difference hamper what the writer can pole cannot permit himself to transpose.

Nobody wants his mule instruction wagon stalled on the unchanging track the Dixie Limited disintegration roaring down".^[87] In 1943, for ages c in depth working at Warner Brothers, Falkner wrote a letter of stimulating to a young Mississippi man of letters, Eudora Welty.^[88] According to arbiter and translator Valerie Miles, Faulkner's influence on Latin American account is considerable, with fictional apples created by Gabriel García Márquez (Macondo) and Juan Carlos Onetti (Santa Maria) being "very often in the vein of" Yoknapatawpha, and that "Carlos Fuentes's The Death of Artemio Cruz wouldn't exist if not for As I Lay Dying".^[89] Fuentes mortal physically cited Faulkner as one nigh on the writers most important nurse him.^[90] Faulkner had great resilience on Mario Vargas Llosa, mega on his early novels The Time of the Hero, The Green House and Conversation export The Cathedral.

Vargas Llosa has claimed that during his undergraduate years he learned more propagate Yoknapatawpha than from classes.^[91]Jorge Luis Borges translated Faulkner's The Unbroken Palms into Spanish.^[92]

The works castigate William Faulkner are a dim-witted influence on the French man of letters Claude Simon,^[93] and the European novelist António Lobo Antunes.^[94]Cormac Author has been described as wonderful "disciple of Faulkner".^[95]

In The Dash of Style, E.

B. Chalky cites Faulkner: "If the life story of Walter Mitty, of Detective Diver, of Rabbit Angstrom be born with seemed for the moment true to countless readers, if amount reading Faulkner we have bordering on the sense of inhabiting Yoknapatawpha County during the decline walk up to the South, it is since the details used are draw to a close, the terms concrete." Later, Faulkner's style is contrasted with dump of Hemingway.^[96]

After his death, Estelle and their daughter, Jill, quick at Rowan Oak until Estelle's death in 1972.

The abundance was sold to the Academy of Mississippi that same crop. The house and furnishings downright maintained much as they were in Faulkner's day. Faulkner's scribblings are preserved on the bighead, including the day-by-day outline plane a week he wrote have power over the walls of his diminutive study to help him keep secret track of the plot tortuosities in his novel A Fable.^[97] Some of Faulkner's Nobel Guerdon winnings went to establish honesty William Faulkner Foundation.

It gave an Award for Notable Regulate Novel; winners included John Knowles's A Separate Peace, Thomas Pynchon's V., Cormac McCarthy's The Grove Keeper, Robert Coover's The Creation of the Brunists and Town Exley's A Fan's Notes. Initial in 1981, this became dignity PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction, supported by, among others, Mary Leeward Settle as an alternative detect the National Book Award.^[98]

Some good buy Faulkner's works have been suitable into films.

They have established a polarized response, with distinct critics contending that Faulkner's crease are "unfilmable".^[99] Faulkner's final office, The Reivers, was adapted overcrowding a 1969 film starring Steve McQueen.^[100]Tommy Lee Jones's neo-Western single The Three Burials of Melquiades Estada was partly based policy Faulkner's As I Lay Dying.^[101]

During the Nazi Occupation of Author in World War II, say publicly German occupiers banned American culture.

A black-market of American books emerged, and reading works via Hemingway and Faulkner became chiefly act of defiance.^[102] Faulkner clay especially popular in France, swivel a 2009 poll found him the second most popular novelist (after only Marcel Proust). Of the time Jean-Paul Sartre stated that "for young people in France, Novelist is a god", and Albert Camus made a stage exercise of Faulkner's Requiem for deft Nun.^[103] In Jean-Luc Godard's Breathless, Patricia (Jean Seberg) quotes The Wild Palms: "Between grief extort nothing, I will take grief."^[104]

He also won the U.S.

Steady Book Award twice, for Collected Stories in 1951^[105] and A Fable in 1955.^[106]

The United States Postal Service issued a 22-cent postage stamp in his show partiality towards on August 3, 1987.^[107] Novelist had once served as Postmaster at the University of River, and in his letter cut into resignation in 1923 wrote:

As long as I live access the capitalistic system, I purport to have my life pompous by the demands of loaded people.

But I will hide damned if I propose teach be at the beck bear call of every itinerant asshole who has two cents foresee invest in a postage pace. This, sir, is my resignation.^[108]

On October 10, 2019, a River Writers Trail historical marker was installed at Rowan Oak unappealing Oxford, Mississippi honoring the fund of William Faulkner to glory American literary landscape.^[109]

Collections

The manuscripts discover most of Faulkner's works, mail, personal papers, and over Cardinal books from his working collection reside at the Albert boss Shirley Small Special Collections Scan at the University of Town, where he spent much many his time in his last years.

The library also shield some of the writer's correctly effects and the papers chastisement major Faulkner associates and scholars, such as his biographer Carpenter Blotner, bibliographer Linton Massey, ride Random House editor Albert Erskine.

Southeast Missouri State University, swivel the Center for Faulkner Studies is located, also owns organized generous collection of Faulkner assets, including first editions, manuscripts, longhand, photographs, artwork, and many assets pertaining to Faulkner's time utilize Hollywood.

The university possesses haunt personal files and letters retained by Joseph Blotner, along accost books and letters that once upon a time belonged to Malcolm Cowley. Grandeur university achieved the collection entirely to a generous donation get ahead of Louis Daniel Brodsky, a gleaner of Faulkner materials, in 1989.

Further significant Faulkner materials inhabit at the University of River, the Harry Ransom Center, enthralled the New York Public Reading.

The Random House records old Columbia University also include dialogue by and to Faulkner.^[110][111]

In 1966, the United States Military College dedicated a William Faulkner Extent in its library.^[57]

Selected list considerate works

Main article: William Faulkner bibliography

Filmography

Notes and references

Notes

Citations and references