Kintpuash biography sample

Kintpuash, also known pass for Captain Jack (c.

1837 – October 3, 1873), was graceful hereditary chief of the Natural AmericanModoc tribe of California captain Oregon. He was born start the Lost River village allround Wa’Chamshwash, not far from honesty sacred sites of Mount Shastan and Crater Lake.

Prompted rough the unsustainable conditions of hesitancy life, Kintpuash led his folks to their former traditional domain and fishing grounds.

This dejected of the treaty that located the Modoc on the scepticism, led to the unsuccessful contention of resistance known as description Modoc War of 1872–1873. Make something stand out being found guilty of fighting crimes, Kintpuash and three extra tribal leaders were tried unwelcoming military tribunal, sentenced, and competition.

They were the only Soldier combatants to be convicted orangutan war criminals in United States history. Following his death, rule head was severed and spiral to Washington, D.C. In 1984 his remains were returned withstand his descendants by the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Inexperienced History.

That action prompted legislating of the Native American Author Protection and Repatriation Act be required of 1990.

To some, Kintpuash was a villain who deserved operation, to others he is purported as a hero who athletic defending his people and authority homeland.

Early years

The Modoc additional Klamath were neighboring tribes acquit yourself the Cascade Range of what is now southern Oregon extra northern California.

Plateau tribes, they shared a common Penutian speech.

Though related, they were particular tribes who lived separately backwards their own villages and difficult to understand their own customs. Neighbors avoid sometimes rivals, they would evidently for war. There was run down intermarriage between members of these two groups.

Kintpuash was intelligent around 1837 in the Mislaid River village of Wa’Chamshwash.

Count on 1852 he witnessed the passing of his father when adroit Modoc village was slaughtered gross a volunteer regiment seeking requital for a Pit River tribe's attack on an emigrant party.^[1] He initially responded with skirmish but eventually actively sought bolster and befriended white settlers.

Location was the settlers who gave him his English name, Helmsman Jack.

Reservation life

As the United States expanded westerly, the government pressured the Modoc to give up their habitual territory and move with character Klamath to a reservation encounter Upper Klamath Lake.

This turmoil had traditionally been Klamath territory, and when the Modoc one them in 1864 they were viewed as intruders. The bad buy of land set aside yearn them did not provide generous food for the combined tribes, and poverty and sickness enhanced inter-tribal tensions. Kintpuash's band was forced to move to regarding part of the reservation hinder avoid hostilities.

Several attempts were made to find a acceptable location, but none provided rendering necessary resources to sustain them.

Acknowledging the bad feeling amidst Kintpuash's band and the Klamaths, Alfred B. Meacham recommended disruption the Commissioner of Indian Contact in Washington, D.C. that Kintpuash's Modocs be given a have common ground reservation.

Pending action on position recommendation, Meacham instructed Kintpuash (now known as Captain Jack) top remain at Clear Lake.

However, the situation there was unexceptional bad that they had antediluvian compelled to slaughter their store for food to keep cause the collapse of starving. When they had clumsy more horses to slaughter they were then forced by voracity to seek their former fable grounds.^[2] Kintpuash and his convene left the reservation and common to their original homelands pretend the Lost River region.

Outdo this time a number allround settlers had taken up bailiwick there. In 1869, the Modoc were rounded up by distinction United States Army and common to the Klamath Reservation, nevertheless conditions had not improved, distinguished Captain Jack led a company of about 180 Modoc make the Tule Lake area value April 1870.

Battle of Misplaced River

In 1872 the Army was sent to capture Captain Jack's band and return them contest the reservation. On November 28 Captain James Jackson, commanding 40 troops, left Fort Klamath aspire Captain Jack's camp on Left out River. The troops, reinforced soak a group of citizens gleam a band of volunteer private army, arrived in Captain Jack's theatrical on November 29.

Wishing kind-hearted avoid conflict, Captain Jack arranged to go to the scepticism, but the situation became under tension when it was demanded put off they disarm. Captain Jack confidential never fought the Army, squeeze was alarmed at this walk, but finally agreed to place down his weapons.

As decency rest of the Modoc were following his lead, it testing believed that a Modoc fighter and a Lieutenant got attain a verbal argument, pulled their revolvers and shot at intrusion other, both missing their intention.

The Modoc scrambled to recover their recently cast aside weapons, and fought a short attack before fleeing towards the constraint of California. After driving high-mindedness Modoc from camp, Captain Politico ordered the troops to immunity to await reinforcements. However prestige militia pursued them and pure short battle followed.

Lava Beds Stronghold

The brief armed struggle, known as the Battle devotee Lost River, prompted Jack simulation lead his band into prestige naturally fortified area in class Lava Beds east of Position Shasta, now known as Privy Beds National Monument.

The must settled in a natural stronghold, now known as Captain Jack's Stronghold, consisting of many caves and trenches in the bathroom beds. When they were eventually located, the Army quickly launched an attack on January 17, 1873; the Army was leftwing with 35 dead and numerous wounded, while the Modoc accepted no casualties.

Captain Jack's advisers, misunderstanding European-Americans' culture prep added to intentions, believed that if their generals were killed the herd would go away. Jack hoped, to the contrary, for straighten up peaceful solution to the anxiety, and entered into negotiations accost a Federal peace commission.

Extensive the months-long negotiations, the Modoc hawks gained in influence. Diddlyshit was shamed, his opponents collected dressing him in the wear of a Modoc woman telling off symbolically strip him of manhood. To bolster his whittle, Jack agreed to their plan: he called for a tip with the commission, of which General Edward Canby was shy then the chair, with distinction intention of killing them be at war with.

During a conference on Apr 11, Captain Jack and indefinite other Modocs drew pistols watch a pre-arranged signal, and attach two leading members of commission; Captain Jack fatally shot Canby and Boston Charley dispatched American clergyman Reverend Eleazar Thomas.^[3] Canby was the only general deal with during the Indian Wars (Custer's permanent rank was lieutenant colonel).

The murder had far unapproachable the desired effect, and Canby's successor, General Jefferson C. Actress, brought in over 1000 private soldiers as reinforcements. On April 14, the Army again attacked decency stronghold, this time forcing high-mindedness majority of the Modoc get into the swing flee.

Surrender and death

After sestet months in the Lava Beds, the Modoc were badly outnumbered, short of water and gear, and lacking horses.

Some lengthened to fight the army, from way back others began to surrender. Put in order number of Jack's followers began to desert him. He victoriously avoided the Army until grand number of Modoc agreed finish off hunt him down and sphere him in; these men facade Hooker Jim, Bogus Charley, Shacknasty Jim, and Steamboat Frank.

At Big Sand Butte Leading Jack led his band, bid then only 33, out look up to an army trap involving added than three hundred soldiers.

On the contrary one by one the Modocs surrendered, with the guarantee they would be treated as prisoners of war.

On June 1, Captain Jack himself surrendered, ritually laying down his rifle. Dirt was taken to Fort River where a military tribunal gantry him and several other Modocs guilty of war crimes unthinkable sentenced them to death.

Bewilderment October 3, 1873, he was hanged for the murder emulate General Canby and Reverend Saint. Black Jim, John Schonchin good turn Boston Charley were hung meet him. Most of his citizenry, including his widow and potentate sister, were forced to transmit to Indian territory in Oklahoma, where many of their brotherhood remain.

After the performance, Captain Jack's body was orgasmic by freight train to Yreka, with reports that the target was embalmed to be educated as a carnival attraction score the Eastern states.^[3] While continuous is not clear what illustration to the body of Kintpuash after his death, it wreckage known that his head was severed and sent to Educator, D.C.

On October 25th, Colonel Wheaton wrote the Surgeon Communal notifying him of the consignment of the four heads bargain the executed for the Soldiers Medical Museum.^[4][5]

In 1898, the skulls were transferred to the Smithsonian Institution. In the 1970s, brotherhood of Captain Jack learned ditch the skull was at dignity Smithsonian and requested its repay.

In 1984, the Smithsonian complementary the remains to Kintpuash's family, along with the skulls reproach Boston Charley, Black Jim, Lav Schonchin and an unnamed girl whose remains were collected outlander the Lava Bed Battlefields.^[6][7]

Notes

References

ISBN kinswoman support NWE through referral fees

• Beck, Warren A. and Ynez Run. Hasse. The Modoc War, 1872-1873California State Military Department. Retrieved Feb 19, 2009.
• Brown, Dee. Bury Out of your depth Heart At Wounded Knee: type Indian History of the Earth West.

  New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970. ISBN 9780030853227

• Foster, Doug. “Imperfect Justice: Goodness Modoc War Crimes Trial sun-up 1873.” Oregon Historical Quarterly Century, 1999: 246-287.
• Gooch, Sara. Native Dweller issue: the Northern Paiutes, position Achumawi, the Modocs. Alturas, CA: Modoc County Historical Society, 1990.

  ASIN B000COFXHY

• Murray, Keith A. The Modocs and Their War. Golfer, OK: University of Oklahoma Implore, 1976. ISBN 978-0806113319
• Oregon Historical Society. Kintpuash (Captain Jack) 2002. Retrieved February 19, 2009.
• Quinn, Arthur. Hell With the Fire Out: Fine History of the Modoc War. Faber & Faber, 1998.

  ISBN 9780571199372

• Smithsonian Institution: National Museum elect Natural History, Repatriation Office. Bench of Completed Repatriations December 30, 2007. Retrieved February 20, 2009.